A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, reduces resistance in the respiratory tract and increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (naturally occurring in the body), or they may be administered medicines for the treatment of difficulty breathing. They are very useful in obstructive lung disease, where asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this is still somewhat controversial, they may be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. They are often prescribed but are not proven to be significant in restrictive lung disease.
Bronchodilators either act short or act long. Short-acting medications provide quick relief or "rescue" from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help control and prevent symptoms. The three prescription bronchodilation drugs are? 2 ("beta two") - adrenergic agonists (short and long work), anticholinergics (short work), and theophylline (long work).
Video Bronchodilator
Short-acting? 2 - agonis adrenergik
These are quick "relief" or "rescue" medicines that provide quick relief, while from asthma or flare-up symptoms. These drugs usually take 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medicines are best for treating sudden and severe or recent asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes earlier, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Some short-acting - sagonists, such as salbutamol, are specific to the lungs; they called? 2 -adrenergic agonists and can relieve bronchospasms without unwanted cardiac side effects from non-specific? -sagonis (eg, ephedrine or epinephrine). Patients who regularly or often need to take short measures? 2 -adrenergic agonists should consult their physician, as the use shows uncontrolled asthma, and their regular medications may need adjustment.
Maps Bronchodilator
Long acting? 2 - adrenergic agonist
This is a long-term drug taken routinely to control and prevent bronchoconstriction. They are not meant for quick assistance. These drugs may take longer to start working, but reduce airway constriction by up to 12 hours. Usually taken twice a day with anti-inflammatory drugs, they maintain open airways and prevent asthma symptoms, especially at night.
Salmeterol and formoterol are examples of this.
Anticholinergic
Some examples of anticholinergics are tiotropium (Spiriva) and ipratropium bromide.
Tiotropium is a 24-hour long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator, used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Available only as inhalants, ipratropium bromide is used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. As a long-acting anticholinergic, improves lung function and reduces the risk of exacerbations in people with symptomatic asthma. However, it will not stop the ongoing asthma attack. Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with short-acting? 2 -adrenergic agonist. Although considered a relief or rescue drug, it takes an entire hour to get to work. For this reason, it plays a secondary role in the treatment of acute asthma. Dry throat is the most common side effect. If the drug is in contact with the eye, it can cause blurred vision for a short time.
The use of anticholinergics in combination with short-acting? 2 -adrenergic agonists have been shown to reduce hospital admissions in children and adults with acute asthma exacerbations.
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Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents episodes of asthma. It belongs to the chemistry class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). These drugs are prescribed in cases of severe or uncontrolled asthma. It should be taken 1-4 times a day, and doses can not be missed. Blood tests are needed to monitor therapy and to indicate when a dose adjustment is required. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain or headache, rapid or irregular heartbeat, muscle cramps, nervousness or anxiety, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for adjustments in treatment. This can increase acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscles. Some drugs, such as seizures and ulcer drugs and antibiotics containing erythromycin, may interfere with theophylline action. Coffee, tea, cola, smoking, and viral diseases can affect theophylline action and change its effectiveness. A doctor should monitor the dose level to meet each patient profile and needs.
In addition, some psychostimulant drugs that have amphetamine mode of action such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine, have bronchodilating effects and are often used for asthma because of the lack of effectiveness? 2 -adrenergic agonists for use as bronchodilators, but now rarely, if ever, medically used for bronchodilator effects.
General bronchodilator
Bronchodilators are divided into short and long acting groups. Short-acting bronchodilators are used to remove bronchoconstriction, while long-acting bronchodilators are commonly used as a preventer.
Short-acting bronchodilators include:
- Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
- Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
- Pirbuterol (Maxair)
- Epinephrine (Mist Primatena now withdrawn)
- Rasemic Epinephrine (Asthmanefrin, Mist Primatene Replacement)
- Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
- Terbutaline
Long-acting bronchodilators include
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
- Formoterol
- Bambuterol
- Indacaterol
References
External links
- Drug information
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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