Cyclothymia , also known as cyclothymic disorder , is a mental disorder involving periods of depressive symptoms and periods of hypomania symptoms. But these symptoms are not enough to be episodes of major depression or hypomanic episodes. Symptoms should last for more than a year or two.
The cause is unknown. Risk factors include family history of bipolar disorder. Cyclothymia differs from bipolar in major depression, mania, or hypomania never occurs.
Treatment is generally with mood counseling and stabilizers such as lithium. It is estimated that 0.7% of people have cyclothemics at some point in their lives. Onset usually occurs in elderly children up to early adulthood. Men and women are often equally affected.
Video Cyclothymia
Symptoms
People with cyclothymia undergo a depressive phase and a hypomanic phase (which is lighter than the classic bead phase). Symptoms of depression and manic on cyclothymia persist for varying amounts of time due to unstable and reactive disturbance. Depressive phases are similar to major depressive disorder and are characterized by dull thoughts and sensations and lack of motivation for intellectual or social activity. Most people with cyclothemia are generally tired and tend to frequent sleep and for long periods of time. However, others experience insomnia. Other symptoms of cyclothimic depression include an indifference to the person or activity that was once of great importance. Cyclical depression also causes difficulty in making decisions. In addition, people with this condition tend to be critical and easy to complain. Suicidal thoughts are common, even in the mild forms of cyclothemistry. In a state of depression, people with cyclothymia also experience physical complaints including frequent headaches, shortness in the head and chest, empty sensations in the head, weakness, weight, and hair loss.
The distinguishing factor between typical depression and cyclotimic depression is that in cyclothymic depression, there are several examples of hypomania. People with cyclothymia may switch from a depressed state to a hypomanic state without warning to them or others. Duration and frequency of phases are unpredictable.
In a hypomanic state, people's minds become faster and they become more sociable and talkative. They may be involved in spending sprees, spontaneous actions, having high self-esteem, and greater arrogance. In contrast to the regular bead state to be associated with bipolar I, symptoms in the hypomanic phase generally occur in less severe form.
Comorbidities
Cyclothymia generally occurs simultaneously with other disorders. Of the 20-50 percent of people with depression, anxiety, and related disorders also have cyclothymia. When people with cyclothymia seek mental health resources tend to symptom their comorbid conditions rather than their cyclothymia symptoms. In children and adolescents, the most common comorbidities with cyclothymia are anxiety disorders, impulse control problems, eating disorders, and ADHD. In adults, cyclothymia also tends to be comorbid with impulse control problems. The behavior of sensation seeking occurs in the hypomanic state. These often include compulsive gambling and compulsive sexuality in men, or the purchase of compulsive and binge eating in women.
In addition to sensory-related disorders, cyclothymia is also associated with atypical depression. In one study, we found a relationship between interpersonal sensitivity, mood reactivity, and cyclothymic mood swings, all of which were symptoms of atypical depression. Cyclothymia also tends to occur along with separation anxiety, in which a person has anxiety as a result of separation from caregivers, friends, or loved ones. Other problems that tend to coincide with cyclothymia include social anxiety, fear of rejection and a hostile tendency towards those who are connected with pain and rejection in the past. People with cyclothymia tend to seek intense interpersonal relationships when in hypomanic and isolation states when under stress. This generally leads to short and chaotic relationships.
Maps Cyclothymia
Cause
The exact cause of cyclothymia is unknown. It is known that severe depression, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymia often occur together in families.
Diagnosis
Cyclothymia is classified in DSM-5 as a subtype of bipolar disorder. These criteria are:
- Periods of increased mood and depressive symptoms for at least half the time during the last two years for adults and one year for adolescents.
- Periods of stable mood only lasted the longest two months.
- Symptoms create significant problems in one or more areas of life.
- Symptoms do not meet criteria for bipolar disorder, major depression, or other mental disorders.
- The symptoms are not caused by the use of any substance or medical condition.
The DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymia are restrictive according to some researchers. This affects cyclothemic diagnosis because fewer people can be diagnosed than potentially. This means that someone who has some symptoms of disorder may not be able to get treatment because they do not meet all the required criteria described in DSM-5. In addition, it also causes more attention placed on depression and other bipolar-spectrum disorders because if a person does not meet all the criteria for cyclothymia they are often given depression or a bipolar spectrum diagnosis. An improper diagnosis may cause some people with cyclothymia treated for comorbid disorders rather than having their cyclothymic tendency treated.
Cyclothymia is often not recognized by affected individuals or medical professionals because of its mild symptoms. In addition, it is difficult to identify and classify. Due to disagreements and misunderstandings among health and mental health professionals, cyclothymia is often diagnosed as "unspecified bipolar." Cyclothymia is also often confused with personality disorder thresholds due to similar symptoms, especially in older adolescents and young adults.
Most people with disorders present in a state of depression, do not realize that their hypomanic state is not normal. Light bead epics tend to be interpreted as part of a person's personality or just a high mood. In addition, the disorder often manifests during childhood or adolescence, making it even more difficult for people to distinguish between their disorders and personality symptoms. For example, people may think that they are just experiencing mood swings and do not realize that this is the result of a psychiatric condition.
Management
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered to be potentially effective for people diagnosed with cyclothymia.
Drugs can be used in addition to behavioral approaches. However, mood stabilizers should be used before antidepressants, and if antidepressants are used they should be used with caution. Antidepressants are a concern because of the possibility of triggering a hypomanic switch or fast cycling.
History
In 1882, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum identified disorders characterized by repetitive cycle cycles. This disorder contains melancholy and manic episodes that occur in lighter form than bipolar disorder. This condition was created "cyclothymia" by Kahlbaum and his disciple Ewald Hecker. Kahlbaum developed his theory of cyclothymia through his work with people who experience these symptoms at the Kahlbaum Sanitarium in Goerlitz, Silesia (Germany). He was recognized as a prominent hypnotherapist and psychotherapist of his day. He is a progressive in the field of mental health, believing that mental illness should not bring stigma and that people dealing with mental health problems should be treated humanely. Kalhbaum is the first to know that people with cyclothymia often do not seek help for mild symptoms disorder.
Cyclothymia has been conceptualized in various ways, including as a subtype of bipolar disorder, temperament, personality traits, and personality disorders. There is also the argument that cyclothymia should be regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Two features that define this disorder, according to DSM-5, are the presence of episodes of depression and hypomania. Cyclothymia is also classified as a subtype of bipolar disorder in DSM-5, but some researchers disagree with this classification and argue that it should be primarily defined as excessive mood and emotional instability. In the past, cyclothymia has been conceptualized to include other characteristics in addition to the flux between depression and hypomania, such as mood reactivity, impulsivity, and anxiety.
Epidemiolgy
Cyclothymia, known today as a cyclotimic disorder, tends to be undiagnosed because of its low intensity. The exact prevalence rate for cyclothymia has not been studied extensively. Some studies have estimated lifetime prevalence rates between 5 and 8% whereas other studies show much lower rates, ranging from 0.4 to 2.5%.
Cyclothymia is more common in women than in men. Cyclothymia is diagnosed in approximately fifty percent of people with depression evaluated in a psychiatric outpatient setting.
Etymology
Cyclothymia comes from the Greek word ?????????? (from ?????? kyklos , "circle" and "thymos", "mood, emotion"). Therefore, it means "cycle or circle between mood or emotion".
Research
Whether subtypes of bipolar disorder, such as cyclothymia, are actually separate disorders or are part of a unique bipolar spectrum disputed in the study. Cyclothymia is usually not described in a research study or diagnosed in a clinical setting, making it less recognizable and poorly understood by professionals. The absence of cyclothemistry in clinical research and setting suggests that cyclopimia is diagnosed as another mood disorder or a non-affective psychiatric disorder or does not come to scientific or clinical concern. because of the lack of diagnostic clarity or because the nature of cyclothymia is still strongly opposed. In addition, the current diagnostic criteria for cyclothymia emphasize that symptoms are persistent, suggesting that these symptoms persist from traits rather than psychological conditions, thus, it has been argued that it should be diagnosed as a personality disorder. Since symptoms tend to overlap with personality disorders, the validity and differences between these two diagnostic categories have been disputed.
Finally, the tendency of cyclothymia to become comorbid with other mental disorders makes the diagnosis difficult. These issues prevent consensus on the definition of cyclotimia and its relation to other mental disorders among researchers and physicians. The lack of consensus on operational definitions and presentation of symptoms is particularly pronounced with children and adolescents because diagnostic criteria have not been adequately adapted to account for their developmental level.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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