Dakota Access Path DAPL or Bakken pipeline is a 1,172 mile (1,886 km) underground pipeline in America States. It started at the Bakken Shale oil field in northwest North Dakota and continued through South Dakota and Iowa to an oil tank farm near Patoka, Illinois. Together with the Energy Transfer Crude Oil Pipeline from Patoka to Nederland, Texas, it forms a Bakken system.
The $ 3.78 billion project was announced to the public in June 2014, and an information audience for landholders took place between August 2014 and January 2015. Dakota Access, LLC, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners, LP, began building pipes in June 2016. Its small partner Phillips 66, Enbridge, and Marathon Petroleum. The pipeline was completed in April and its first oil was delivered on May 14, 2017. The pipeline became commercially viable on June 1, 2017.
Pipe has become controversial about its impact on the environment. A number of Native Americans in Iowa and Dakotas have opposed the pipeline, including Meskwaki and some of the Sioux tribes, under the claim that the pipeline will threaten the sacred burial and water quality in the area. Demonstrations at a pipeline site in North Dakota, near Standing Rock Indian Reservation, attracted international attention.
Video Dakota Access Pipeline
Description
The pipe, originally described by local media as Bakken pipeline, has a permanent comfort of 50 feet (15 m) and the construction of a road right up to 150 feet (46 m). The 30-inch (760 mm) diameter pipe is at least 48 inches (1.2 m) underground from the top of the pipe or 2 feet (0.61 m) below each disposal tile.
The pipeline is planned to carry 470,000 barrels per day (75,000 m 3 /d) crude oil "based on contractual commitments to date". Capacity can be increased up to 570,000 barrels per day (91,000 m 3 /d).
The company estimates the pipeline will cost $ 3.78 billion, of which $ 1.4 billion will be invested in North Dakota, $ 820 million in South Dakota, $ 1.04 billion in parts of Iowa and $ 516 million in Illinois. Of this amount, $ 189 million will be paid to the landowners.
Energy Transfer Partners estimate that the pipeline will create between 12 and 15 permanent jobs and 2,000,000,000 temporary jobs in Iowa. The $ 1.35 billion of capital investment in Iowa is projected to generate $ 33 million sales tax in Iowa during construction and $ 30 million in property taxes by 2017. According to the Des Moines Register, Energy Transfer is hired "Strategic Economics Group "in West Des Moines to prepare this analysis. Dave Swenson, a professor of economics at Iowa State University, said that "most jobs will accumulate to employers outside the country who will take their skilled workers and then subcontract what they can along the way" to local issues.
Maps Dakota Access Pipeline
Destination
ETP wants pipelines to provide oil outlets that will be transferred across the country and then sold to international countries and companies. Dakota Access, LLC's planning application argues that the pipeline improves overall safety to the public, will help the US to achieve energy independence, and is a more reliable and safer transport method for refineries than trains or roads. Proponents argue that the pipeline will free the railway line, which will allow farmers to send more Midwest grains. Approximately 70% of Bakken's oil is transported by rail due to pipe limitations. As of July 2014, Bakken flakes were transported through nine Iowa territories exclusively through three trains per week. In June 2014, 32 trains per week carrying Bakken oil travel through Jo Daviess County in northwest Illinois.
The railway offers greater flexibility and adaptability and has fewer spill volumes per Billion-Ton-Mil, but costs far outweigh pipeline transport and, similar to pipes, still require additional investment.
Ownership
Dakota Access, LLC, owns 75% of the pipeline while Phillips 66 has a 25% stake. Energy Transfer Partners LP and Sunoco Logistic Partners LP owns 51% and MarEn Bakken Company, Enbridge (75%) and Marathon Petroleum, own 49% of Dakota Access, LLC. This gives the following indirect bets in the pipeline:
- Energy Transfer Partners LP and Sunoco Logistic Partners LP together - 38.2%
- Enbridge - 27.6%
- Phillips 66 - 25%
- Marathon Petroleum - 9.2%
Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistic Partners, both subsidiaries of Energy Transfer Equity LP, have announced their merger.
Bakken Holdings Company and Phillips 66 also have other parts of the Bakken, Energy Transfer Crude Oil Pipeline system stretching from Patoka to storage terminals in Nederland, Texas.
Financing
The pipeline project costs $ 3.78 billion, of which $ 2.5 billion has been financed by the loan, while the rest of the capital will be raised by the sale of 49% stake in Dakota Access, LLC (36.8% indirect stake in the pipeline) to Enbridge and Marathon Petroleum. Loans have been provided by a group of 17 banks, including Citibank, Wells Fargo, BNP Paribas, SunTrust, Royal Bank of Scotland, Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank, Mizuho Bank, TD Securities, ABN AMRO Capital, ING Bank, DNB ASA, ICBC, SMBC Nikko Securities and SociÃÆ'Â © tÃÆ' Â © GÃÆ' Â © nÃÆ' Â © rale.
Due to protests against the pipeline, Norwegian bank DNB ASA announced in November 2016 to use its position as a credit lender of more than $ 342 million "to encourage more constructive processes to find solutions to emerging conflicts." In February 2017, Seattle, Washington's city council unanimously decided not to renew its contract with Wells Fargo "in a move citing the role of the bank as a lender for the Dakota Access Pipeline project and" the creation of millions of fake accounts "and said the bidding process for partners the next banking will involve "social responsibility." The City Council in Davis, California, took similarly unanimous measures to find a new bank to handle its account by the end of 2017. In March 2017, ING sold its stake in the loan, while maintaining a potential risk in case of not paying the loan.
Route
The pipeline route flows from the North Dakota Bakken and Three Forks sites in the northwest. It starts at Stanley, North Dakota, and travels southeast to end up at an oil tank farm near Patoka, Illinois. It crosses 50 counties in four states.
In North Dakota, the route 346 miles (557 km) crosses seven counties. The project consists of 143 miles (230 km) of oil collection pipeline and 200 miles (322 km) of larger transmission pipes. The route begins with a terminal in the Stanley area, and runs west with five more terminals at Ramberg Station, Epping, Trenton, Watford City and Johnsons Corner before becoming a transmission line through Williston, Watford City, south of Bismarck, and across the Missouri River again to the north Cannon Ball. It also includes six agricultural tank locations, one electric pump station.
In the early stages of route planning, it is proposed to install a 10 mile (16 km) pipe northeast of Bismarck, North Dakota. The Bismarck route is 11 miles (18 km) longer and is rejected by the potential threat to Bismarck's water supply. It was rejected by the United States Army Engineer Corps (USACE) in its initial environmental assessment before making a request to the North Dakota Public Service Commission (NDPSC) for permission. This decision was described by several activists such as Jesse Jackson as environmental racism. The change of route puts the pipeline into an existing pipeline corridor parallel to the existing Northern Frontier Channel, a natural gas pipeline built in 1982. The Dakota Access pipeline picks "almost the same route" and is planned to cross the Missouri River near the point that same. The plan calls for pipelines to be bored directly so that they will not be in contact with the Missouri River. Planned for "90 feet (27.4 m) deep" below the river bed. The pipeline does not cross the Sioux land but at that point it is only about 500 feet (150 m) away from the Batu Standing reservation.
In South Dakota, the pipeline covers 274 miles (441 km) through 12 counties: Campbell, McPherson, Edmunds, Faulk and Spink. This system includes an electric pump station.
In Iowa, the pipe extends approximately 347 miles (558 km) diagonally through 18 Iowa regions: Lyon, Sioux, O'Brien, Cherokee, Buena Vista Sac, Calhoun, Webster, Boone, Story (which will have a pumping station), Polk , Jasper, Mahaska Keokuk, Wapello, Jefferson, Van Buren, and Lee. This system includes an electric pump station.
In Illinois, a 177 mile (285 km) route crosses 12 counties.
History
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Energy Transfer Partners approved and announced the pipeline project on June 25, 2014. In October 2014, Phillips 66 acquired a 25% stake in the project.
In September 2014, Dakota Access held an initial information meeting with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Council. Information meetings for South Dakota and Illinois landowners were held in October 2014, and began on December 1, 2014, in each of the affected areas of Iowa. Meetings in Fort Madison, Sioux Center, Oskaloosa and Storm Lake carry 200 to 350 people everywhere and in each of the several participants expressed their opposition to the pipe. A webinar for Brown and Hancock County, Illinois takes place in February 2015.
On October 29, 2014 Dakota Access submitted the project to the Iowa Utilities Board (IUB), after Iowa Governor Terry Branstad rejected a request from the Iowa community coalition and environmental activists who asked him to block the plan. In December 2014 Dakota Access submits a request for permission from the North Dakota Public Service Commission for the proposed route. In January 2015, Dakota Access submitted an application with IUB. In February 2015, he filed an application with the Iowa Natural Resources Department for land and floodplain permits. In April 2015, the Iowa Senate Study BillÃ,1276 and House Study BillÃ, 249 advanced with Senator Robert Hogg, D-Cedar Rapids, and Country Representative Bobby Kaufmann, R-Wilton, to support; it requires Dakota Access "to earn a voluntary retiree right of 75% of property owners along the route before leading domains can be authenticated". On November 12, 2015, the Iowa Utilities Board heard one day's public testimony with over 275 people signing up against the pipeline.
In January 2016, Dakota Access filed a 23-point condemnation in North Dakota "against 140 individuals, banks and coal mines".
IUB approved the pipeline on March 10, 2016, at a 3 to 0 vote, being the last of the four state utility regulators granting approval under conditions including liability insurance of at least $ 25 million; guarantee that the parent company of Dakota Access will pay for damages created by leaks or spills; revised agriculture impact mitigation plan; timelines for construction notices; modified punishment forms; and a statement that accepts the terms and conditions of the council's orders. "One day later, the company claimed to have obtained a voluntary agreement on 82% of the 1,295 that impacted the Iowa land parcel.A weeks later, Dakota Access filed a motion with IUB requesting prompt and confidential treatment to begin construction immediately, saying it met the requirements and that the policy its liability insurance is a trade secret under Iowa law and "will not serve public purposes".
Construction, 2016-2017
In March 2016, the US Fish and Wildlife Service issued a sovereignty land development permit. At the end of May 2016, the permit was temporarily lifted in three districts in Iowa, where the pipeline would cross the Big Sioux River and the Sioux Great Wildlife Management Area; this is the historic and cultural site of the Upper Sioux tribe, including the tombs in Lyon County. Also in May 2016, Iowa farmers filed a lawsuit to prevent the state from using a reputable domain to take their land.
Citing the potential impact and lack of consultation with Native American tribes, notably Standing Rock Sioux, in March and April 2016 the Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Advisory Council on Historic Conservation asked USACE to conduct a formal Environmental Impact Assessment and issue Statements About Environmental Impacts. However, in July and August 2016, USACE approved a water crossing permit and issued all but one permit needed for pipeline construction.
In June 2016, IUB voted 2 to 1 (Libby Jacobs and Nick Wagner supported and Chairman Geri Huser opposed) to allow development on non-state land to continue. Sierra Club said the move was illegal before the US Engineering Corps approved the project. At the end of June 2016, construction was allowed to resume in Lyon County after the plan was changed for a pipeline route 85 feet (26 m) below the site using directional drilling instead of excavation and disturbing surface soil. In December 2016, the agreement was debated in the Polk District Court.
On July 27, 2016, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe sued USACE in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. On September 9, 2016, US District Judge James Boasberg rejected a motion for a preliminary injunction. On September 10, 2016, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe appealed on October 9, 2016.
In August 2016, the Enbridge joint venture (75%) and Marathon Petroleum (25%) agreed to buy a 49% stake in Dakota Access, LLC for $ 2 billion. The deal was completed in February 2017 after the final convenience was given.
In September 2016, the US Department of Justice received over 33,000 petitions to review all permits and ordered a full review of the project's environmental impact. On September 9, 2016, the US Department of Justice, the Army and the Interior issued a joint statement to temporarily suspend the project on federal land adjacent to or under Lake Oahe reservoirs. The US federal government asked the company to "voluntary pause" on construction near the area until further studies were conducted in the region that stretches for 20 miles (32 km) around Lake Oahe. Energy Transfer Partners declined the request and continued development. On September 13, 2016, chairman and CEO of Energy Transfer Partners Kelcy Warren said concerns about the impact of pipes on water supplies were "unfounded", that "some archaeological studies conducted with the country's historic preservation office found no sacred items along the route" and that the company will meet with officials in Washington "to understand their position and reaffirm our commitment to bringing the Dakota Access Channel into operation."
On November 1, 2016, President Obama announced his government was monitoring the situation and had made contact with USACE to examine the possibility of changing the pipeline route to avoid the land that Native Americans continue to sacred. On November 14, 2016, USACE announced that "the Army has decided that additional discussion and analysis is justified in connection with the history of land grabbing in the State of Great Sioux, the importance of Lake Oahe to the Tribe, our government to... government relations, and legislation which regulates property rights through government property. "Energy Transfer Partners responded by criticizing the Obama administration for" political interference "and said that" further delays in consideration of this case will add millions of dollars more each month in irreversible costs. " North Dakota Governor Jack Dalrymple criticized a decision that said the pipeline would be safe and the decision was "long overdue". Craig Stevens, spokesman for the Midwest Coalition for Infrastructure Now (MAIN), called the Corps announcement "again the death attempt with a delay" and said the Obama administration "has chosen to fuel more protest fire with less action." North Dakota Senator John Hoeven said in a statement that the delay "would only extend the disturbance in the region caused by protests and make it difficult for all people living and working in the area." Speaking to CBS News in November, Kelcy Warren said that it would be "100 percent that ease is given and the pipeline will be built" when elected newly elected President Donald Trump comes to office on January 20, 2017.
On December 4, 2016, USACE announced it would not make it easy for pipes to be drilled under Lake Oahe and carry out environmental impact statements to see possible alternative routes. Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works), Jo-Ellen Darcy said that "the best way to get the job done responsibly and quickly is to explore alternative routes for pipe crossings". Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners issued a response on the same day that the White House directive "is only the latest in a series of open and transparent political actions by governments that have abandoned the rule of law in favor of a lick with a narrow and extreme political constituency." said the companies "sincerely hope to complete the construction of the pipeline without additional rerouting in and around Lake Oahe.There is nothing the Administration does today that change it in any way."
On January 18, 2017, USACE filed its Official Notice to do the Environmental Impact Statement process. The notice opens a thirty-day commentary on the scope of the EIS, which involves the crossing of Lake Oahe. The proposed EIS is to consider "Alternative locations for pipelines that cross the Missouri River", the risks and direct and indirect effects of oil spills on lakes, the Standing Rock Sioux water supply, and their "water, fishing agreements, and hunting rights"; as well as their covenant right to the lake. On the same day, US District Judge James Boasberg rejected ETP's request to delay the EIS process.
On January 24, 2017, President Donald Trump, in a move contrary to the actions of the Obama administration, signed a presidential memorandum to advance pipeline construction approval, while declaring his intention to "renegotiate some provisions" of the pipeline bill. The order will speed up an environmental review called Trump as "a very complicated, long, and terrible licensing process." This executive order also outlines how pipeline completion will create more work that is something Trump and its government believe to be important and important. They also feel as if the wages paid by people have to be increased, other factors of continued pipeline settlement that the government feels will be beneficial. This rapid change of speed is what causes clashes and leads to the arrest of people living on the ground to continue protesting against the pipeline. The true purpose of the order signed by Trump is to resist rejections by USACE to continue the construction of the pipeline, which was originally issued in November 2015.
On February 7, 2017, USACE sent a notice of intent to the United States Congress to grant a pleasure under Lake Oahe 24 hours after notification of notification delivery. On February 9, 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux sued the decision of abolition, citing the 1851 agreement and disruption of the tribal religious practice.
On 22 February 2017, a deadline for protesters to leave the camp, where the protest was closed. Although many went voluntarily, ten were arrested. Even with the arrest, there is no major conflict.
The pipeline construction is completed in April 2017.
Operation
The first oil was delivered by pipeline on May 14, 2017. On June 1, 2017, testing was completed and the pipeline became commercially operative. Near the tip of the central Illinois pipe, the debate on trade-offs between the environment, agricultural life and the economy continued after the pipeline began operating.
Even before the start of commercial operations, some leaks occurred. On March 3, 2017, 84 US gallons (2.0 barrels; 0.32 cubic meters) of oil leaked at the feeder-line terminal in Watford City, North Dakota. The line is separate from the Dakota Access Channel and operated by a separate sender. On March 5, 20 US gallons (0.48 barrels, 0.076 cubic meters) leaked in Mercer County. Small-sized crude oil spills, 84-US gallons (2.0 barrels, 0.32 cubic meters) occurred at South Dakota pump station on route on April 6, 2017.
Federal agency permissions
No federal agency has jurisdiction over the entire pipeline. USACE has undertaken a limited review of the route, which involves environmental assessments of river crossings and project sections related to specific permits, and issues findings that have no significant impact. It does not undertake a broad environmental impact assessment of the overall effect of the entire project through the four states. USACE is authorized to provide the following:
- National Level Permit verification # 12 for 202 jurisdictional water crossings under Section 10 of the River and Ports Law and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act; The
- permissions for the USACE acquired and administered accuracy cross-border in Lake Sakakawea and the Carlyle Reservoir, under Section 14 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, codified 33 U.S.C. Section 408 (Section 408)
- Permission to modify the Oahe Dam/Lake Oahe project by providing easements to the federal property granted by USACE for flood and navigation control projects, pursuant to Section 408; Permission
- to cross McGee Creek Levee, River Illinois navigation channel and Coon Run Levees, under Section 408;
- permission to drill horizontally under the Mississippi River navigation channel, under Section 408.
On June 14, 2017, federal judge James Boasberg ruled that "the Court agrees that [the Army Engineers Corps] do not adequately consider the impact of the oil spill on fishing rights, hunting rights or environmental justice, or the extent of the effect of this pipeline is highly controversial."
Worries
Health and environment
Conservation groups worry about safety, and its impact on air, water, wildlife and agriculture, due to the risk of pipeline disruption. Greenpeace and a group of more than 160 scientists dedicated to conservation and conservation of endangered natural resources and endangered species speak out against the pipeline. The Science & amp; The Environmental Health Network also rejected the pipeline.
Environmentalists and Native Americans accuse USACE of hastily approving each stage of the review process and bypassing federal regulations and enter into agreements with Native American tribes. They claim there is a lack of environmental views and considerations. They expressed their fear that the Missouri River might be contaminated in the event of a spill or leak, endangering drinking and irrigation sources that millions of people depend on clean water. They claim that the environmental reviews conducted to analyze the impact of the surrounding pipeline are incomplete, claiming that a much smaller, less risky development project requires more stringent impact analysis than has been completed for the Dakota Access Channel. The company replied that the pipe was flowing under Lake Oahe 90-150 feet (27-46 m) below the surface and had automatic valves on each side of the lake. They also explained that the water retrieval for the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation would be 70 miles (110 km) downstream, and that water supply contamination is not possible. It has been reported that pipe commercial operations started without an oil spill response plan for the Missouri River crossing and without emergency cleanup equipment stored nearby.
Sunoco Logistics, the future pipeline operator, has been spilling crude oil from its onshore pipes more frequently since 2010 than any other pipeline operator in the US, with at least 203 leaks revealed to the Channel and Dangerous Goods Safety Administration, totaling 3,406 barrels. (143,100 US gal; 541,5 m 3 ) of crude oil spill. The Iowa Environment Council said it was "concerned whether the state has sufficient protection - from state government oversight to ensure the company has enough money in reserves to overcome the dangers posed by the spill". Iowa state law requires that pipeline owners only have a $ 250,000 reserve fund. Iowa Citizens for Community Enhancement call the $ 250,000-reserve fund "fiscally irresponsible" and suggest to raise it at least $ 1 billion, indexed into inflation, that would match Alaska's protection coverage.
Disturbance on the ground
Some farmers are concerned about soil disturbance, tiling, soil erosion, and soil quality. The Iowa field contains many disposable tiles, which can be damaged. The pipeline company says they will repair every damaged tile during construction and put a 2 foot (0.6 m) pipe under the drainage tile. Some farmers worry about soil disturbance, but Dakota Access spokesman notes that the soil has been disrupted during the installation of drainage tiles on all the contested farms that are planned to be crossed. During construction there are also concerns for the spread of invasive weeds to the surrounding soil. Both countries mention Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens), Canadian Thistle (Cirsium arvense), Leaf Spurge (Euphorbia esula), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), and Saltceder (Tamarix chinensis) as invasive weed species. However, under the law of management of invasive weeds, once they are in private property, fall under the responsibility of the landowner. Farmers are also concerned about pipeline leaks caused by destabilization in certain areas susceptible to flooding, which can cause environmental disasters.
Eminent domain
Landowners throughout Iowa have expressed concerns about the implications that enable countries to use eminent domains to condemn private property, especially agricultural land, on behalf of companies that have not shown substantial public benefits to Iowa residents. In March 2015, the Des Moines Register poll found that while 57% of Iowans support the Dakota Access Channel, 74% opposed the use of leading domain condemnation on behalf of private companies. The Iowa Chapter of the Sierra Club "is concerned about the rights of landowners [...] concerned about Dakota Access LLC's economic projections and whether there really is any benefit to Iowa."
For pipelines, leading domains are most commonly requested to grant legally legal "legal" rights to a certain plot of land with a parcel owned by a private landowner (s) as necessary so that the pipe passes the packets along the route.. While many believe that the calling of a "leading domain" inherently means the land is taken entirely from the landowner, the landowner retains ownership of the property affected by the pipeline - however, the landlord loses certain rights to the part of his property. burdened with pleasure, including the right to freely use part of their property. Because US law requires landowners to receive "only compensation" when a winning domain is activated, landholders whose property rights are affected by the pipeline will be compensated for long-term use of their land, and they are paid for the loss of current crops on farmland. , replacement of fences, and grass re-seeding. When a landowner voluntarily enters into a leasing agreement granting the right of way to the pipeline in exchange for compensation, the convenience is called a voluntary convenience.
In August 2016, the company declared that they had entered into an easing agreement with 99% of landowners whose properties were along the four-country route and, with landowners along the pipeline route in Iowa, 99% had entered a voluntary peace.
The US Army Corps has notified them that it intends to provide final convenience for the Dakota Access Pipeline on February 7, 2017. This impossibility allows for the construction of a pipe to cross Sose Mni.
Tribal opposition
The Meskwaki tribe opposed the pipe for various reasons; The chairman of the tribe Judith Bender told the Iowa Utilities Board that he was concerned that the pipeline could be used as a replacement if the Keystone XL pipeline was not built. The Standing Rock Sioux and the Sioux Cheyenne River tribes also expressed their opposition to the Dakota Access Channel on the grounds that the pipeline and its construction threatened their ethnic, tribal, water, people, and land ways of living. In September 2014, Standing Rock Chairman Dave Archambault II pointed out the tribe's refusal of any pipeline within the agreement boundary that includes "North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and South Dakota." The decision to change the pipeline route closer to the reservation was explained by Jesse Jackson and other critics as "environmental racism".
Says that "The Corps effectively writes from the tribal concerns and ignores the impact of the pipeline to the sacred sites and important cultural landscape," the Standing Rock Sioux tribe has sued USACE in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, accusing the agency of violating the National Historic Heritage and other laws, and seek declarations and legal protections to stop the pipeline. This claim was rejected by the court. US District Judge James E. Boasberg said in a ruling that USACE "might meet" with its obligation to consult with the tribe and that the tribe "has not shown any injuries to be prevented by a court order that can be issued by the Court."
On September 20, 2016, Dave Archambault II spoke to the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland, where he called "over all parties to stop the construction of the Dakota Access Channel." Citing the 1851 Traverse des Sioux Treaty and the Treaty of 1868 Fort Laramie, two treaties ratified by the US Senate recognizing Sioux's national sovereignty, Archambault told the Council that "oil companies and the United States government have failed to honor our sovereign rights." On September 22, 2016 , Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, a United Nations expert on the rights of indigenous peoples, rebuked the United States, saying, "The tribes were denied access to information and were excluded from consultation at the project planning stage, and the assessment environment failed to disclose the existence and proximity of the Batu Standing Sioux Reservation. "He also responded to the rights of the pipeline protesters, saying," US authorities should fully protect and facilitate the right to freedom of peaceful assembly of indigenous peoples, who play a key role in empowering their ability to claim other rights. " According to a statement by Alvaro Pop Ac, Chairman of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, "the project was proposed and planned without consultation with Standing Rock Sioux or others to be affected by this large project." According to USACE data, there are 389 meetings with more than 55 tribes, including nine meetings with The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Kelcy Warren has stated that the company is not in the original American property.
In December 2016, the Trump Native American Coalition held meetings where members, Native American and Alaskan Native American leaders, and activists were able to attend to discuss a wide range of topics related to the impact and implications of pipeline construction and environmental protection and issues security. The general purpose of this meeting is to provide facts in the place of the rumor so that each party involved can be properly informed.
Archaeological survey
Several groups, including Standing Rock Sioux and the Society for American Archeology, have raised concerns over the meticulousness of archaeological surveys conducted along pipeline corridors. The survey was conducted under the direction of USACE, in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). NHPA requires consideration of archaeological sites and traditional cultural property. Initial surveys showed 149 sites and pipes were later moved to avoid 140 of them. The Historic Conservation Advice Council, which oversees compliance with the NHPA, raised two major concerns to USACE about the survey. They criticized the scope of the investigation, which defined each water crossing as a separate project, and therefore failed to consider the pipeline as a whole. They also criticized the lack of tribal involvement in the survey.
Tribal consultants help archaeologists identify sites that may be more difficult to see in archaeological records, such as traditional cultural properties. Traditional cultural property is a property whose "significance comes from the role that the property plays in historically-rooted beliefs, habits and practices." USACE reached out to Standing Rock Sioux on several occasions for consultation, but was rejected. The Sioux refused to participate unless they could consult on the entire pipeline. One example of tribal consultations on Lake Oahe identifies several cultural sites and graves previously unknown to USACE.
On September 2, 2016, Tim Mentz, a former Historic Conservation Officer for Standing Rock Sioux, testified in the DC District Court that 27 graves and 82 sacred sites had to be harassed by the Cannonball river section of the pipeline. That weekend the area was swamped. On September 21, 2016, 1,281 anthropologists, archaeologists, museum officials, and others signed and released letters to support tribal communities, calling for further study of the area to be affected by the pipeline in South Dakota. The Society for American Archaeologists also sent a letter to USACE, detailing their organization's concerns over the project.
According to the North Dakota State Historic Preservation Office, the areas highlighted by the Mentz Team were evaluated by state officials on 21 September and 20 October 2016. They found that only four stone features would be affected directly from the pipeline. However, many are still concerned about the cumulative effects that may exist on sites located outside the 150-foot corridor. Jon Eagle, a Historical Preservation Officer for the tribe, was invited to participate in the evaluation on September 23, but was not allowed access to the corridor area on private property. The tribe insisted that the evidence was destroyed by the construction company, since the assessment had taken place in the previous area.
Political bond
According to its federal disclosure form, filed in May 2016, President Donald Trump holds between $ 15,000 and $ 50,000 in shares in Energy Transfer Partners - down from $ 500,000 to $ 1 million by 2015 - and between $ 100,000 and $ 250,000 in Phillips 66. This creates a conflict of interest when making presidential decisions affecting the pipeline project. Senior Democrats at the Public Resources Committee, Raul Grijalva, called this the emergence of a "disturbing" conflict of interest. The Washington Post reported that Trump sold its stake in Energy Transfer Partners in the summer of 2016. The credibility of this claim has been questioned by liberal organizations.
Trump is also indirectly associated with the project because Energy Transfer Partner Kelcy Warren contributed $ 103,000 to the Trump campaign. Trump said he supports the completion of the pipeline project. According to his transition team, this position "has nothing to do with his personal investment and all that pertains to promoting policies that benefit all Americans."
A former campaign staffer reelected Iowa Governor Terry Branstad, Susan Fenton, now director of government affairs with public relations firm Des Moines LS2, handles public relations for Energy Transfer. Texas Governor Rick Perry is a member of the Energy Transfer Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners directors, but resigned after Trump chose Perry as his nomination for Energy Secretary. In December 2016, Kelcy Warren has donated $ 6 million to Perry's 2016 campaign in the President.
Protest
Many Sioux tribes say that pipelines threaten the welfare and economic prosperity of the Tribe, and that it has destroyed and destroyed sites with great historical, religious, and cultural values. The tribe has expressed concern over the leaks as the pipeline passes under Lake Oahe, which serves as the main source of water. The protests at the pipeline construction site in North Dakota began in the spring of 2016 and attracted indigenous people, calling themselves water protectors and defenders of the land, from all of North America as well as many other supporters, creating the largest gathering of Native Americans in the last hundred years..
In April 2016, an elder Standing Rock Sioux established a camp near the Missouri River at the site of Sacred Stone Camp, located within the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, as a center of cultural preservation and spiritual resistance to the pipeline, and during the summer the camp evolved into thousands person. In July, ReZpect Our Water , a group of Native American youths, ran from Standing Rock in North Dakota to Washington, DC to raise awareness about what they perceive as a threat to their community's drinking water and everyone which relies on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers to drink water and irrigation.
While the protests drew international attention and were said to "reshape the national conversation for every environmental project that will cross Native American lands," there is limited mainstream media coverage of events in the United States until early September. At that time, construction workers bulldoze a piece of land traversed by the historic tribal preservation as a historic and sacred site, and when protesters entered the area, security workers used attack dogs, which bite at least five protesters. The incident was filmed and viewed by several million people on YouTube and other social media. In late October, armed soldiers and police with anti-riot equipment and military equipment cleaned up a campsite directly on the proposed pipeline.
According to state and federal governments, there have been several incidents of combustion that damaged pipeline construction equipment in Iowa during 2016. One deliberate fire caused nearly $ 1 million in damage to construction equipment in August in Jasper County, Iowa. Two other fires involving pipeline construction equipment were built at the same time in the same area and the other set in Mahaska District. In October, another burning fire caused $ 2 million worth of damage to pipe construction equipment in Jasper County, Iowa.
On November 15, protesters in Chicago, Los Angeles, Manhattan, Denver, and other cities protested against the pipeline in a coordinated protest organized by the organizer called "National Action Day". In January 2017, President Donald Trump issued a memorandum that directed USACE to accelerate the project. After USACE approved the final easement under Lake Oahe on February 9, allowing Dakota Access to complete the pipeline, the decision was opposed in a lawsuit by the Cheyenne River, Sioux. Sacred Stone Camp is cleared by local law enforcement on February 22, 2017.
In December 2016, it was reported that the TigerSwan company had been employed by Dakota Access LLC. to provide security during the protests. In May 2017, internal TigerSwan documents leaked to The Intercept and other documents obtained through public record requests revealed intense collusion between local and state, state and federal pipeline and law enforcement companies because they were "military-style counterterrorism measures "to suppress the protesters. TigerSwan also collects information used to assist prosecutors in building cases against protesters and using social media in an attempt to influence public support for the pipeline. The documents released compare the "movement" that opposes the pipeline with jihad, calling them "ideological rebellion with a strong religious component."
See also
- List of natural gas pipes in North America
- List of oil pipelines in North America
- List of refineries in North America
- Pipeline transport
References
External links
- Dakota Access Channel - Official Site - Energy Transfer
- Dakota Access Channel - Project Map - Energy Transfer
- Frequently Asked Questions DAPL US Army Technician Corps, Omaha Division
- SRS Tribal Council Meeting (September 2014). Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Standing Meeting with DAPL Representative
- The combined application of Dakota Access LLC for Waiver or Reduction of Procedures and Timelines and for the Certificate of Corridor and Route Permit for Dakota Access, LLC (Dec. 2014)
- Map of Oil and Gas Pipeline Networks in the United States (Sept. 2015) - Channel and Materials Safety Administration
- Opinion Memorandum "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe vs. US Army Corp of Engineers" (Sept. 2016) - United States District Court
- Environmental assessment: Dakota Access Pipeline Project, easements flowage and federal land crossing Dakota Access, LLC; US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha Division
- Opposition Chronology to Dakota Access Channel from Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
- The President of Trump Signed the Executive Order on Dakota Access and the Keystone Pipeline
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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