DPT (also DTP and DTwP ) refers to a class of vaccine combinations against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. The vaccine component includes diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and kills the entire bacterial cells that cause pertussis (wP).
DTaP and Tdap refers to a combination of similar vaccines in which the "P" or "p" component in lower case "a" is aseluler.
Also available are DT and Td vaccines, which do not have a pertussis component.
In the UK, the Netherlands and France, DTP stands for a combination of diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis. In the Netherlands, pertussis is known as the
The usual childhood immunization program in the United States is five doses between 2 months and 15 years. For adults, Td booster is recommended every 10 years.
In the last twentieth century, vaccination helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States. Nevertheless, the reported incidence of the disease increased twentyfold in the early 21st century, resulting in many fatalities. During this time, many parents refuse to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects. In 2009, the Journal of Pediatrics concluded the greatest risk among unvaccinated children is not contraction of side effects, but the disease that vaccination aims to protect against.
DTP was licensed in 1949.
Video DPT vaccine
Combination vaccine with acellular pertussis
DTaP and Tdap are both combined vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The difference is in doses, with uppercase means higher amount. The names are easily confused, and the Institute for Safe Medicine Practices reports hundreds of cases of unintentional mixing.
DTaP
DTaP (also DTPa and TDaP ) is a combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, in which the pertussis component is acellular. This is different from the whole cell, the inactive DTP (aka DTwP). The acellular vaccine uses an antigen selected from a pertussis pathogen to induce immunity. Because using less antigen than the whole cell vaccine, it is considered more secure, but also more expensive. Recent research has shown that DTP vaccine is more effective than DTaP in immune suppression; this is because the narrow base antigen of DTaP is less effective against current pathogen strains.
Tdap
On June 10, 2005, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) were licensed in the United States for use in adults and adolescents. The lower case "d" and "p" indicate the smaller concentrations of diphtheria toxoid and antigen, and "a" in "ap" indicates that pertussis toxoid is aselular. Two Tdap vaccines are available in the US Adacel, produced by Sanofi Pasteur, is licensed for use in adults aged 11 to 64. Boostrix, produced by GlaxoSmithKline, is licensed for use in adolescents and adults ages 10 to 64. In January 2011, US on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommends the use of Tdap in adults of all ages, including age 65 and older. In October 2011, in an effort to reduce the pertussis in infants, the ACIP recommends that unvaccinated pregnant women receive Tdap doses. On 24 October 2012, ACIP chose to recommend the use of Tdap during each pregnancy.
The US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommend that both adolescents and adults receive Tdap in lieu of the next Td booster (recommended every 10 years). Tdap and Td can be used as prophylaxis for tetanus in wound management. People who will be associated with young infants are advised to get Tdap even if it is less than 5 years since Td or TT to reduce the risk of infants exposed to pertussis. The ACIP statement on TDAP use in adolescents encourages 5 years between Td and Tdap to reduce the risk of adverse events; However, both suggest that shorter intervals may be appropriate in some circumstances, such as for protection of pertussis pertussis. NACI suggests intervals shorter than 5 years can be used for chase programs and other instances where programmatic attention makes 5-year intervals difficult.
Maps DPT vaccine
Drug errors
In August 2006, the non-profit safety patient organization of the Safe Drug Practice Institute described the drug error from the confusion between two different formulations.
There are some mixes between DAPTACEL and ADACEL. Daptacel is for active immunization in infants and children 6 weeks to 6 years. Adacel is indicated for immunization of active booster as a single dose in people aged 11 to 64 years and is the first vaccine approved as adult pertussis enhancer. The component antigens in Adacel and Daptacel are the same, but the relative amount is much greater with infant vaccination.
In one clinic, 13 adults were vaccinated with Daptacel in error. At another clinic, seven adults received Daptacel, not Adacel. None of the patients seemed to experience an unusual vaccine reaction despite the fact that pediatric formulations contain more toxic pertussis toxins and diphtheria toxoids. The similarity of brand names, generic designations, and vaccine abbreviations (Tdap and DTaP) are perceived to have contributed to the confusion.
The World Health Organization recommends pentavalent vaccines, combining DTP vaccines with vaccines against type B and hepatitis B type Haemophilus influenzaes. There is no sufficient evidence yet of how effective these pentavalent vaccines are compared with individual vaccines.
In pregnancy
Guidelines for prenatal care in the United States suggest that, if an urgent need for tetanus protection occurs during pregnancy, Td vaccine should be given. If there is no urgent need and the woman has previously received the tetanus vaccine, T vaccination should be postponed until the postpartum period. All postpartum women who have not received Td or Tdap vaccine in the past two years are recommended to receive Tdap before discharge after delivery. It is recommended for pregnant women who have never received a tetanus vaccine (ie, never received DTP, DTaP or DT as a child or Td or TT as an adult) to receive a series of three Td vaccinations starting during pregnancy to ensure protection against the mother and newborn tetanus. In such cases, administration of Tdap is recommended after 20 weeks of pregnancy, and in early pregnancy a single dose of Tdap may be replaced for one Td dose, and then this series is supplemented with Td. The United States Centers for Disease Control Advisor (CDC) on Immunization Practices (ACIP) chose to recommend that health care personnel should provide Tdap doses during each pregnancy at 27 to 36 weeks' gestation regardless of the patient's initial history of receiving Tdap.
Known non-specific effects
A systematic review was recently completed on this topic in order to collect and assess all available evidence. This review indicates that DTP receipts have no significant non-specific effects on all causes of death (relative risk 1.38, 0.92 to 2.08). In addition, this suggests that many studies reporting on this topic have a high risk of bias. WHO has recommended that further research, which is well designed and reflects the current vaccine schedule, is conducted on this topic.
The DTP vaccine appears to have a negative non-specific effect on the survival rate of children in countries with high mortality rates in Africa and Asia. The negative effect seen during DTP vaccine is the latest vaccine. The BCG or measles vaccine given after DTP reverses the negative effects of DTP. Negative effects are seen mostly in women.
Negative effects were found in several observational studies. However, six studies conducted by WHO conclude that there is a strong beneficial effect of DTP on overall mortality. However, controversy occurred for the design of this study which has important methodological deficiencies. Among others, WHO studies have counted "no information on vaccination" as "unvaccinated", and they have retrospective information on retained vaccines from surviving children, while no similar updates can be made to children who die, creating so-called "bias survival" that will always produce a very favorable estimate of the effect for the latest vaccine.
References
External links
- Tdap Vaccine: What You Need to Know, the vaccine information statement (release 5/9/2013)
- Td or Tdap Vaccine: What You Need to Know, the vaccine information statement (release 5/17/2007)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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