Bookbinding is a process of physically arranging a codex format book from a pile of sheets of paper folded together into pieces or sometimes remaining as individual sheets of sheets. The pile is then tied together on one side by sewing with the yarn through the folds or with a flexible adhesive layer. The cheaper but less permanent alternative binding methods include loose rings, individual screw posts or binding posts, twin rear loop reels, plastic spiral coils, and plastic spinal combs. For protection, a well-bonded pile is wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to a rigid board. Finally, an interesting cover is adhered to the board, including identifying information and decorations. The artists or book specialists in book decoration can also greatly improve the content of the book by creating objects such as books with artistic benefits of exceptional quality.
Before the age of computers, bookbinding trade involves two divisions. First, there is a bundle of Stationery (known as vellum binders in the trade) associated with books intended for handwriting entries such as accounting ledgers, business journals, blank books and guest logbooks, others. stationery such as notebooks, manifold books, day books, diaries, portfolios, etc. Computers have now replaced pen-based and paper-based accounting which is the bulk of the binding stationery industry. The second is the Letterpress bindings associated with the creation of books intended for reading, including library binding, good binding, editing binding, and publisher bindings. The third division deals with repair, restoration, and conservation of old used bindings.
Today, the modern bookbinding is divided between handbinding by each of the shop-working craftsmen and commercial bindings mass-produced by high-speed machines at the factory. There is a large gray area between the two divisions. The size and complexity of the bindery shop varies with the type of work, for example, from a one-of-a-kind special job, to repair/restoration work, to library rebinding, to preservation bonding, to small binding editions, to extra binding, and finally to binding big-run publishers. There are cases where printing and binding jobs are combined in a single store. For the largest number of copies, commercial binding is done with the production of ten thousand copies or more in a factory.
Video Bookbinding
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Book binding is a special trade that relies on basic operations of measurement, cutting, and gluing. The completed book requires at least about twenty-four operations to complete, but sometimes more than doubles by specific styles and materials. All operations have a certain sequence and each depends on the accurate completion of the previous step with little room for retrace. A very durable binding can be achieved by using the best hand techniques and the best materials when compared to the common publisher bonds that fall apart after normal use.
Book binding combines skills from other trades such as paper and cloth crafts, leather work, modeling, and graphic arts. It requires knowledge of the various types of book structures along with all the internal and external details of the assembly. Required in-depth knowledge of the required materials. A craftsman needs a minimal set of hand tools but with experience will find a collection of secondary hand tools and even valuable machine items for greater speed, accuracy, and efficiency.
Book binding is an artistic craft of the great antiquity, and at the same time, a highly mechanistic industry. The division between craft and industry is not as extensive as one might first imagine. It is interesting to observe that the main problem faced by mass production bookkeeping is the same as that of medieval craftsmen or modern hand binders. The first problem is how to hold the book page; the second is how to cover and protect the collection of pages after they are put together; and third, how to label and decorate protective cover.
Maps Bookbinding
History
Origins from book
Bookbinding is probably from India, where the religious sutra is copied on lontar leaves (cut in half, lengthwise) with a metal stylus. The leaves are then dried and rubbed with ink, which will form a stain on the wound. The finished leaves are numbered, and two long threads are tied through each end through a wooden board, making a palm leaf book. When the book is closed, the excess yarn will be wrapped around the board to protect the manuscript leaf. The Buddhist monk took the idea through Afghanistan to China in the first century BC.
Similar techniques can also be found in ancient Egypt where priestly texts are composed on scrolls and papyrus books. Other versions of the bets can be seen through the codices of the ancient Mayan tribe; only four are known to survive the Spanish invasion of Latin America.
Authors in Hellenistic-Roman culture write longer texts as scrolls; These are stored in boxes or racks with small cubbyholes, similar to a modern winerack. Notes and court notes are written on wax tablets, while important documents are written on papyrus or parchment. The modern English word book comes from the Proto-Germanic * bokiz , referring to beechwood where the initial works are recorded.
The book was not needed in ancient times, as many of the early Greek texts - scrolls - are 30 pages long, usually folded into an accordion mode to fit in the hand. Roman works are often longer, walking to hundreds of pages. Greeks used to call their book thick book , which means "cut". The Egyptian Book of the Dead is very long 200 pages and is used in funeral services for the deceased. The scroll of the Torah, the edition of the Jewish scriptures, is - and still exists - also kept in special holders when read.
Rolls can be scrolled in one of two ways. The first method is to wrap the coil around a single nucleus, similar to a modern paper towel roll. Although simple to make, single core rolls have a big disadvantage: to read the text at the end of the roll, the entire roll should be removed. This is partially overcome in the second method, which wraps the coil around two cores, as in a Torah. With double scroll, text can be accessed from start and end, and unread scroll can still be injured. It still leaves a sequential media-access roll: to reach a given page, one generally has to unroll and roll back many other pages.
Initial book format
In addition to the scroll, tablet candles commonly used in ancient times as the writing surface. The later formats of diptychs and polyptych are often lined up in one side, analogous to the backdrop of modern books, and the format of folding concertina . A simple set of wooden planks that were sewn together were called by the Romans a codex (codex) - from the Latin word caudex , which meant "tree", about the first century AD.. Two ancient polyptychs, a pentaptych and octoptych , were excavated at Herculaneum using a unique connecting system which then sewed a rope or rope.
At the turn of the first century, a kind of folded parchment notebook called membrane pugillares in Latin, became commonly used for writing throughout the Roman Empire. This term was used by both the pagan Roman poet, Martial and the Christian apostle, the Apostle Paul. Martial used the term with reference to literary prizes that were exchanged by the Romans during the Saturnalia festival. According to T. C. Skeat, "at least in three cases and possibly all, in the form of a codex" and he theorizes that this notebook form was found in Rome and then "must have spread rapidly to the Near East". In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan scrolls to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat's idea when it says "its only existence is proof that this book has prehistoric form" and that "early experiments with this book form may have occurred outside Egypt ".
The original intact manuscript was found in Nag Hammadi in Egypt. Consisting of Gnostic texts primarily in Coptic, most books are written on papyrus, and while many are single-quire, some are multi-quire. Codex is a significant improvement over papyrus or vellum reels because it is easier to handle. However, although it allows writing on both sides of the leaves, they are still steamed - numbered on leaves, like Indian books. The idea spread quickly through the early churches, and the word the Bible came from the city where Byzantine monks erected their first scriptures Byblos in modern Lebanon. The idea of ​​numbering on each side of the page - Latin pagina , "to accelerate" - appears when the text of each biblical will is combined and the text should be searched more quickly. This book format becomes the preferred way to preserve the manuscript or printed material.
Development
Codex-style books, using papyrus or vellum sheets (before the spread of Chinese paper making outside the Chinese Empire), were discovered in the Roman Empire during the 1st century. First described by the Martial poet of the Roman Spanish, it largely replaced earlier writing media such as wax tablets and scrolls in 300 AD. In the 6th century, wax coils and tablets have been completely replaced by codices in the Western world.
Western books from the fifth century onwards are tied between hard blankets, with pages made of folded parchment and sewn onto a strong rope or ligament attached to wooden planks and covered with leather. Since the earliest books are exclusively handwritten on handmade materials, their size and style vary greatly, and there is no standard of uniformity. The ancient and medieval manuscripts were tied with flat thorns, and it was only in the fifteenth century that books began to have the rounded spines associated with hardcovers today. Since the early book vellum will react to moisture by swelling, causing the book to take on a distinctive wedge shape, the wooden cover of medieval books is often secured by ropes or tongs. These ropes, together with metal bosses on the cover of the book to keep them lifted from the surface of the backrest, are collectively known as furniture.
The earliest surviving European bookkeeping is St. Cuthbert Gospel around 700, with red goat skin, now in the British Library, whose decorations include elevated patterns and colored designs. Excellent manuscripts for liturgical use rather than libraries, have envelopes in metals called treasure bindings, often encrusted with gems and incorporate ivory relief panels or enamel elements. Very few of these survivors are intact, because they have broken up for their precious materials, but quite a lot of ivory panels survived, as they are difficult to recycle; the panel that is divided from Codex Aureus of Lorsch is the most famous. The Gospel of the Vienna Coroner in the 8th century was given a cover of new gold reliefs in about 1500, and the Gospel of Lindau (now the Morgan Library of New York) has its original cover of about 800.
The medieval luxury books for the library have ornate skins, often in all parts, with tools (lines or chalk patterns), blind stamps, and often small pieces of furniture from metal. Medieval stamps show animals and characters as well as vegetal and geometric designs that will dominate the book cover decoration. Until the end of the period, books usually do not stand on the shelves in a modern way. The most functional books are bound in plain white vellum on the board, and have a hand-written short title on the spine. Techniques to fix gold leaf under tools and stamps were imported from the Islamic world in the 15th century, and after that the bonding of leather paired with gold remains a conventional choice for high quality bindings for collectors, albeit cheaper bindings that only use gold for the title on the spine, or not at all, is always more common. Although the arrival of printed books greatly increases the number of books produced in Europe, it does not by itself alter the various binding forces used, except that vellum becomes less used.
Paper introduction
Despite the beginning, rough hemp papers have been in China during the Western Han period (202 BC - 9 AD), Han Han-Han-East Court (around 50 AD - 121 AD) introduced significant first paper-making improvements and standardization. by adding important new material into its composition.
In the 8th century Arabs learned the art of making paper from China and then the first to bind the paper into the book at the beginning of the Golden Age of Islam. Special skills are developed for Arabic calligraphy, miniatures and book binding. People who work in making books are called Warraqin or paper professionals. The Arabs made the book lighter - sewn with silk and tied with a leather-bound blackboard, they had a cover that wrapped the book when not in use. Since the paper is less reactive to moisture, no heavy board is required. Book production became a real industry and cities like Marrakech, Morocco, had a street named Kutubiyyin or bookseller, which contained more than 100 book stores in the 12th century. The famous Koutoubia Mosque is named for its location on this street. Since the Qur'an itself is regarded as a sacred object, to embellish the book containing the holy book, the culture of calligraphy and the binding of the luxurious is developed.
Book bindings in medieval China superseded the support of traditional Chinese writing such as bamboo and wooden slips, as well as rolls of silk and paper. The evolution of the codex in China began with pamphlets folded in the 9th century, during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), repaired by the 'dynasty' dynasty of Song dynasty (960-1279 CE), wrapped back in the Yuan dynasty ( 1271-1368), Ming stitching (1368-1644 AD) and Qing dynasty (1644-1912), and finally the adoption of Western-style binding in the 20th century (coupled with European printing presses replacing traditional Chinese printing methods). The early phase of this evolution, a palm-leaf-style book dotted with accordion, is likely to have originated in India and was introduced to China through Buddhist missionaries and scriptures.
With the advent (from the East) of rag paper making in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the use of printing presses beginning in the mid-fifteenth century, book binding began to be standardized, but the page size was still very varied.
In the early sixteenth century, the Italian printer Aldus Manutius realized that personal books would need to be put in a saddlebag and thus produce the book in a format smaller than quartos (page one-fourth size) and < i> octavos (page one-eight-size).
By printing, the book becomes more accessible and stored on its long shelf for the first time. The clip is removed, and the title is added to the spine.
Leipzig, the leading German book trade center, in 1739 had 20 bookstores, 15 printing companies, 22 book binders and three foundries in a population of 28,000.
In the German book distribution system of the late 18th and early nineteenth centuries, buyers of end-user books "generally make separate agreements with publishers or bookbinders to print bundled sheets according to their wishes and budgets."
Reducing the cost of cheap lightweight Bible-facilitated books, made of thin-tissue oxford paper, with floppy coverings, similar to the early Arabic Qur'an, allows missionaries to carry portable books with them around the world, and wooden adhesives modern enables the addition of paperback covers to simple glue bindings.
Historical binding form
Historical binding forms include the following:
- Coptic binding: the method of sewing leaves/pages into one
- Ethiopia binding
- Long bindery binding
- Bookcover Islam with a distinctive flap on the back cover that wraps forward when the book is closed.
- Timber boards
- Limp vellum binding
- Bid of calves ("bound with skin")
- Binding paper box
- Fabrics binding inside
- Fabric binders
- Bradel tied
- Traditional Chinese and Korean book arrangements and Japanese round bends
- Girdle binding
- Anthropodermic bibliopegy (rare or fictitious) bookbinding in human skin. Belgian binding secrets (or "cross-binding crossbows"), created in 1986, are misidentified as historical methods.
Some older printing machines can not separate book pages, so readers use paper blades to separate the outer edges of a page as a book is read.
Modern commercial binding
There are various commercial techniques used today. Today, most commercially produced books are one of four categories:
Binding of hardcover
Hardcover books, hardbound or hardback books have a stiff cover and stitched on the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, this book can be seen to consist of a number of signatures bound together. When the book opens in the middle of the signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are usually octavo (one sheet folded thrice), although they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo (see Book size). Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes tied to wire.
Until the mid-twentieth century, the covers of mass-produced books were spread out with cloth, but from that period onwards, most publishers used cloth, a textured paper that vaguely resembled cloth but easily distinguished on rigorous scrutiny. Most text-bound books are now half-covered with cloth that only covers the spine. In this case, the cover has overlapping paper. The cover of modern-day books is made of thick cardboard.
Some of the books that appeared in the mid-20th century marked the signature in the reprint edition in the combined edition. Copies of these books stitched together in their original format are often hard to find, and are sought after for aesthetic and practical reasons.
More durable hardcover variations are bovine calves, where the cover is half or completely covered with leather, usually from the calf. It is also called fully bonded or, simply, tied to the skin.
The library binding refers to the hardcover binding of books devoted to the rigorous use of libraries and most of them are serial and paperback publications. Although many publishers have already begun providing "binding library" editions, many libraries choose to buy novels and make them rebound as hardcover books, resulting in a longer life for materials.
The hardcover binding method
There are a number of methods used to tie up hardcover books, from them:
- Case binding is the most common hardcover binding type for books. The pages are arranged in a signature and taped into "textblock." Textblock is then attached to the cover or "case" made of cardboard coated with paper, cloth, vinyl or leather. This is also known as cloth binding, or binding editions.
- Oversewing , where the book signature starts as a loose page that is then clipped together. A small vertical hole is perforated at the far left side of each signature, and then the signature is stitched together with key stitches to form a text block. Oversewing is a very powerful binding method and can be done on books with a thickness of up to five inches. However, the book margin is much reduced and the page will not be flat when opened.
- Stitch through flip (also called Smyth Sewing ), where book signatures are folded and sewn through folds. The signature is then sewn and taped to the spine to form a text block. In contrast to oversewing, folded books have wide margins and can be fully exposed. Many types of sewing stitches, ranging from basic links to frequently used Stitch Kettle. While Western books are generally sewn through perforated or saw-saw holes along the crease, some Asian bindings, such as Japanese Retchoso or Butterfly Stitch, use a small crack and not a hole.
- Double-fan adhesive begins with two signatures from a loose page, crushed by a roller - "fanned" the page - to apply a thin layer of glue to each edge of the page. Then two perfectly aligned signatures to form a block of text, and glue the edges of the text block attached to a sheet of fabric to form the spine. The double bonded adhesive books can be fully open and have wide margins. However, certain types of paper do not have good adhesives, and, with wear and tear, the pages get off.
Punch and bind
Different types of binding and punching include: Thermal-activated binding
Some types of thermal binding that is activated include:
- Perfect binding is often used for thin cover books. It is also used for magazines; National Geographic is one example of this type. Perfectly bound books usually consist of various parts with a cover made of heavier paper, taped to the spine with a strong glue. The part is milled in the back and the notch is applied to the spine to allow the hot glue to penetrate into the spine of the book. The other three sides then cut into pieces. This is what allows the magazine or paperback book to open. Mass market paperbacks (paperbacks porridge) of small size (16mz size ), are made cheap with each sheet completely cut and taped to the spine; this may be messy or lose the sheets after a lot of handling or a few years. Stronger trade paperbacks are made, with traditional meetings or parts of bifoli, usually larger, and more expensive. The difference between the two can usually be easily seen by searching the sections on the top or bottom side of the book.
- Thermal binding uses a one part cover with glue underneath the spine to quickly and easily bind documents without needing to punch. Individuals usually buy "thermal cover" or "term-a-bind cover", which is usually made according to a piece of standard size paper and comes with a glue duct under the spine. The paper is placed on the cover, heated in a machine (basically a frying pan), and when the glue cools, paste the paper into the spine. Thermal glue strips can also be purchased separately for individuals who want to use customized/original covers. However, creating a document using a thermal binder glue strip can be a tedious process, requiring a scaled device and a large format printer.
- An article cardboard looks like a hardbound book at first glance, but this is really a novel with a thick cover. Many books are sold as hardcover actually of this type. The Modern Library Series is an example. This type of document is usually tied with a thermal adhesive glue using a perfect fastening machine.
- Binding ribbon refers to the system that wraps and tapes the tape around the bottom of the document. Ribbon fastening machines such as Powis Parker Fastback or Standard Accubind systems will normally be used to complete the binding process and to enable thermal adhesive on glue strips. However, some users also refer to ribbon binding as the process of adding colored tape to the edge of a mechanically tightened document (clamped or stitched).
Sewn or stitched binding
Type of bindings sewn or sewn:
- The stitched book is constructed in the same way as hardcover books, except it does not have a hard cover. The binding is durable as in a hard book.
- Stapling through the middle fold, also called saddle-stitching, incorporates a set of layered folios into one magazine edition; most comic books are famous examples of this type.
- Magazines are considered to be more ephemeral than books, and less durable means of tying them are common. In general, the magazine cover paper will be the same as the self-cover page or just a little heavier (plus cover). Most magazines are stapled or sewn-saddles; however, some are fastened with perfect binding and use thermally activated adhesives.
Modern hand-binding
The binding of modern books by hand can be seen as two closely related areas: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Book browsing is often active in both fields. Book explorers can learn crafts through apprenticeship; by attending special trade schools; by taking classes in a university course, or by a combination of such methods. Some European countries offer the Master Bookbinder certification , although no such certification exists in the United States. The MFA program that specializes in 'Book Art' (making paper, graphic art and book binding) is available through certain colleges and universities.
Handbook binders create new bindings that run the whole of a historical book structure made with traditional materials to modern structures made with 21st century materials, and from basic cloth-case bindings to fine, precious skin full bindings. The improvement of existing books also includes a variety of techniques, from minimally invasive conservation from historic books to full restoration and repetition of texts.
Although almost all existing books can be fixed to some extent, only books that were originally sewn can be recovered by repeating them. Repair or restoration is often done to mimic the original binding style. For new works, some publishers print unbound manuscripts that can be strung together and bound by binders, but often commercially bound books are retracted, or separated, for new binding. Once the book textblock has been drawn, it can rebound in almost any structure; a modern tension novel, for example, can be reflected back into a 16th century manuscript. Bookbinders can bind multiple copies of the same text, giving each copy a unique appearance.
Handbook pencilid using a variety of special hand tools, the most symbolic is the bonefolder, a flat, tapered cut of bones, which are scrubbed to fold the paper and put pressure. Auxiliary tools are common for binders including a variety of knives and hammers, as well as brass tools used during finishing.
When creating new works, modern hand ties often work on commissions, creating bindings for certain books or collections. Books can be tied up in many different materials. Some of the more common materials for cover are leather, decorative paper, and fabrics (see also: buckram). Highly crafted bindings, and made of high quality materials (especially full bindings), are known as fine binding or extra. Also, when creating new works, modern binders may want to select printed books and create what is known as 'binding design'. "In a typical binding design, the binder selects a printed book, unpacks it, and repeats it with a smooth binding style - spherical and backbone supported, laced-in board, sutured headband, decorative end sheet, leather cover etc."
Preservation and recovery
Conservation and restoration is a practice intended to repair damage to existing books. While they share the method, their goals are different. The purpose of conservation is to slow the decay of the book and return it to a usable state while changing its physical properties as little as possible. Conservation methods have been developed in order to take care of a large collection of books. The term archive comes from taking care of the archives of book institutions. The purpose of the restoration is to return the book to its previous state as envisaged by the restorer, often imagined as the original state of the book. The restoration method has been developed by bookbinders with private clients who are mostly interested in improving their collections.
In both cases, one of the modern standards for conservation and restoration is "reversibility". That is, any improvement should be done in such a way that it can be undone if and when better techniques are developed in the future. Bookbinders echoed the doctors creed, "First, do no harm." While reversibility is a standard one, the longevity of the book function is also very important and sometimes takes precedence over reversibility especially in areas not seen by readers like the spinal cord.
Books that require recovery or conservation care run the whole of the earliest texts to books with modern bindings that have experienced heavy use. For each book, a course of treatment should be chosen which takes into account the value of the book, whether it comes from the binding, the text, the origin, or a combination of the three. Many people choose to repeat books, from amateurs who return old paperbacks on the internet instructions to many professional book and paper conservators and restorationists, often in the United States being members of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC).
Often, the books that need to be recovered are hundreds of years, and the handling of the yard and the binding should be done with great care and a smooth hand. The process of restoration and conservation archives can extend the life of the book for decades and is necessary to preserve books that are sometimes limited to a small handful of copies worldwide.
Usually, the first step in storing and storing a book is its deconstruction. The text page should be separated from the cover and, only if necessary, the stitches are removed. This is done as little as possible. All the restoration of the page is done at this point, be it the removal of foxes, ink stains, tear pages, etc. Various techniques are used to correct various types of page damage that may occur during the life of this book.
The preparation of the "basics" of this book can mean the difference between beautiful artwork and a pile of useless paper and leather.
The parts are then sewn by hand in the periodic style, back to the book form, or the original suturing is reinforced with a new layer on the spinal text. The new hinges should be taken into account in both cases both with a spinal-text layer and some sort of late-sheet restoration.
The next step is the restoration of the book cover; It can be as complex as completely recreating a binding period to match the original by using whatever is appropriate for the time it was originally created. Sometimes this means new full skin binding with vegetable leather, dyed with natural dyes, and hand-lined paper can be used for the sides or end sheets. Finally the cover is made by hand on a gold leaf. The cover design of the book involves such hand tools, in which a very thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs may be text, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of each particular project.
Sometimes the recovery cover is a matter of surgery reinforcing the original cover by lifting the original material and applying the new materials to the strength. This may be the more common method for quilts made with cloth-books though the leather books can be approached in this way as well. Materials such as Japanese tissue with various weights can be used. Colors can be matched using acrylic paints or simple color pencils.
It is more difficult to restore leather books usually due to material fragility.
Requirements and techniques
Most of the following provisions apply only with respect to American practices:
- A leaf (often incorrectly referred to as folio ) usually has two pages of text and/or images, front and back, in a completed book. Latin for leaf is folium , therefore the ablative "folio" ("in folium") should be followed by a title to distinguish between réto and verso. So "folio 5r" means "on leaf number 5". Although technically inaccurate, the general usage is "on folio 5r". In everyday conversations it is common to refer to "turning pages of a book", although it would be more accurate to say "flipping the books"; this is the origin of the phrase "to submit a new leaf" ie to start on a new blank page.
- The recto side of the leaf is facing left when the leaf is held straight from the spine (in this fenced book are usually odd-numbered pages).
- The verso side of the leaf is facing right when the leaf is held straight from the spine (in this fenced book are usually even-numbered pages).
- A bifolium (often mistakenly called "bifolio", "bi-folio", or even "bifold") is a sheet that folds into two to make two leaves. The plural is "bifolia", not "bifolios".
- The section, sometimes called meeting , or, especially if it has not been printed, a quire , is a bifolia group nested together as a single unit. In the finished book, each quire is sewn through the folds. Depending on how many bifolia are made of quire, it can be called:
- duunion - two bifolia, yielding four leaves;
- ternion - three bifolia, yielding six leaves;
- quaternion - four bifolia, yielding eight leaves;
- quinternion - five bifolia, yielding ten leaves;
- sextern or sexternion - six bifolia, yielding twelve leaves.
- The codex is a series of one or more quires sewn through the folds, and connected together by a sewing thread.
- Signature , in the context of a printed book, is a section containing text. Although the term signature technically refers to a signature, traditionally letters or numbers printed on the first leaf of a part to facilitate collection, differences are rarely made today.
- Folio , quarto , and so on can also refer to the finished book size, based on the size of the sheet that can be made by early paper makers easily with the manual press. The paper size can vary greatly, and the final size is also affected by how the page is trimmed, so the given size is just a rough score.
- The folio volume is usually 15 inches (38 cm) or higher, the largest common book.
- Quarto volumes are usually about 9 x 12 inches (23 x 30 cm), roughly the size of most modern magazines. A folded sheet in quarto (also 4to or 4Ã,º) folded twice into the right corner to make four leaves. Also called: eight-page signature.
- The octavo volume is usually about 5 to 6 inches (13 to 15 cm) by 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm), the size of the most modern quintessential magazine or novel trade. A folded sheet in octavo (also 8vo or 8Ã,º) folded into half three times to make 8 leaves. Also called: sixteen-page signature.
- Sextodecimo volume is about 4 1 / 2 by 6 3 / 4 at (11 x 17 cm), the size of most mass market paperbacks. A folded sheet in sextodecimo (also 16mo or 16Ã,º) folded in half to 16 sheets. Also called: 32 page signature.
- Duodecimo or 12mo, 24mo, 32mo, and even 64mo are other possible sizes. Modern paper manufacturers can produce very large sheets, so modern printers will often print 64 or 128 pages on a single sheet.
- Pruning separates the bound book leaf. A folded sheet in quarto will have a fold in the spine and also on the top, so the top fold should be trimmed before the leaves can be rotated. A quire folded in octavo or larger may also require both parties to be trimmed. Deckle edge , or Uncut , unedited or incomplete books are trimmed, and may be of particular interest to book collectors.
Paperback binding
Although books are sold as hardcover or paperback, actual page binding is important for resilience. Most novels and some hard cover books have "perfect binding". The pages are aligned or cut together and glued. A strong and flexible layer, which may or may not be the glue itself, keeps the book together. In the case of paperback, the visible part of the spine is part of this flexible layer.
Spine
Orientation
In languages ​​written from left to right, like English, the books are tied to the left side of the cover; looking from above, the page rises counter-clockwise. In the right-to-left language, the book is tied to the right. In both cases, this is the end of a page that coincides with where it is changed. Many Japanese comic book translations maintain a binding on the right side, allowing art, laid out for right-to-left reading, to be published without mirror imaging.
In China (only areas that use Traditional Chinese), Japanese, and Taiwanese, literary books are written from top to bottom, from right to left, and thus tied to the right, while textbooks are written from left to right, from top to bottom, and thus tied to the left. In mainland China, the direction of writing and binding for all the books was transformed into a left-to-right language in the mid-20th century.
Title
The earliest books had no titles on their thorns; apparently they are stacked flat with their thorns in - as is still common in the Republic of South Africa - and the titles are written with ink along their front edge. Modern books display their titles on their thorns.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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