A contraceptive implant is an implantable medical device used for the purpose of birth control. Implants may depend on timely release of hormones to inhibit the ovulation or development of sperm, the ability of copper to act as a natural spermicide in the uterus, or may work using a non-hormonal physical blocking mechanism. Like other contraceptives, contraceptive implants are designed to prevent pregnancy, but do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
Video Contraceptive implant
Woman
There are several options for women, depending on the device approval status in the region.
Implant
Contraceptive implants are hormone-based and highly effective, approved in more than 60 countries and used by millions of women worldwide. A typical implant is a small flexible tube measuring about 40mm long and inserted under the skin (usually in the upper arm) by a health care professional. After it is inserted to prevent pregnancy by releasing hormones that prevent the ovaries from releasing the eggs and thicken cervical mucus. The two most common versions are single stem etonogestrel implants and implanted two levonorgestrel stems.
Merek termasuk:
- Norplant by Jadelle (Norplant II)
- Implanon/Nexplanon
- Sino-implant (II), Zipin dipasarkan sebagai, Femplant and Trust
The benefits of implants include fewer, lighter periods; increased symptoms of premenstrual syndrome; durable, up to three years; smokers and lactating safe; and convenience do not need to remember to use it every day. In some cases, negative side effects do occur, the most common is irregular bleeding during the first six to 12 months. Less common symptoms include appetite changes, depression, moodiness, hormonal imbalance, breast tenderness, weight gain, dizziness, pregnancy symptoms, and lethargy.
Intra-uterine devices
Intra-uterine contraceptives (IUDs) are small, often T-shaped contraceptives and contain copper or levonorgestrel hormones, implanted into the uterus. They are the most reversible, and most effective, type of birth control. The failure rate with copper IUD is about 0.8% while the levonorgestrel IUD has a 0.2% failure rate in the first year of use. Among their birth control types, along with birth control implants, yield the greatest satisfaction among users. In 2011, IUDs are the most widely used form of reversible contraception worldwide. IUDs also tend to be one of the most cost-effective methods of contraception for women.
Maps Contraceptive implant
Men
Some obstacles exist for extending research into other implantable and contraceptive methods for men, including unclear rule guidelines, long device development timelines, a man's attitude to comfort, and a significant lack of funding. Some implantable devices have been tried, both hormonal and non-hormonal.
Research
In 2001, the Dutch pharmaceutical company Organon announced a clinical trial of male contraceptives based on etonogestrel implants to be initiated in Europe and the US, anticipating marketable products in early 2005. Despite promising results, the research development stopped, with speculation beyond that the lack of marketing was factor. Organic Representative Monique Mols stated in 2007 that "[d] especially 20 years of research, the development of [hormonal] methods that can be accepted by a vast male population is not possible." Schering/Bayer had worked on an annual implant similar to a quarterly injection but canceled the study in 2006/2007, stating that men would most likely see it as "not as comfortable as women taking once-daily pills."
In 2005, a collaboration project led by the Population Council, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Medical Research Council began to examine a matchstick-sized implant containing MENT (7? -metil-19-nortestosterone or Trestolone), a "steroid synthetic resemblance to testosterone. "Clinical trials will begin in 2011 or 2012, and the project is ongoing in 2016, in the hope of getting approval as the first reversible male contraceptive.
In 2006, Shepherd Medical Company received FDA approval for clinical trials of non-hormonal implants called intra-intra devices (IVDs), consisting of two plugs that block the flow of sperm in the vas deferens. Working on successful pilot studies and solid results from his clinical trials, the company announced it will expand its trials into three US cities later that year. The remaining question of how the reversible procedure is in the long term; However, it is expected to be more reversible than vesectomy. In 2008, the company broke up due to the economic crisis but said it would restart its research with proper funding.
In January 2016 the news broke out of a non-hormonal valve, an implant - Bimek SLV - with a switch attached to the vas deferens, allowed the owner to stop and continue the sperm flow on demand. A clinical trial of 25 participants was announced to further test the efficacy of the device.
Other animals
Implant contraception is also an option for animals, especially for animal managers at zoos and other breeding animal facilities that require reversible methods of contraception to manage population growth in restricted captive habitats. The Center for the Management of Reproductive Associations of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) (formerly known as AZA Animal Contraception Center) at Saint Louis Zoo in St. Louis. Louis, Missouri has played a major role in researching and disseminating contraceptive information to hundreds of institutions around the world since 1999 through the Contraception Database, which holds more than 30,000 records for hundreds of species. One of the most popular methods of contraception used by zoos (as well as domestic animals) is the melengestrol acetate (MGA) implant, a progestin hormonal contraceptive developed in the mid-1970s. Other progestin-based implants that have been placed on animals include Norplant, Jadelle, and Implanon. Androgen-based implants that use agonist (stimulate) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and, to a lesser extent, IUDs have also been used in some domestic and exotic species. Whatever the implants, some care should be taken to minimize the risk of migration or implant loss
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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