Marble statue is the art of making three-dimensional shapes of marble. The statue is one of the oldest art. Even before painting the cave walls, early humans formed a form of stone. From this beginning, the artifacts have evolved into their current complexity.
Video Marble sculpture
Origin of material and quality
Marble is a metamorphic rock derived from limestone, mostly composed of calcite (crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3). The original source of the mother limestone is precipitated calcium carbonate in the form of a microscopic animal skeleton or similar material. Marble is formed when limestone is transformed by heat and pressure after being overlapped by other materials. The best marbles for the statue do not have or little stains (some natural stains can be seen in the statue shown on the left, which the sculptor has skillfully put into the statue).
Benefits
Among the stones that are generally available, only the marble has a slightly translucent surface-scattering that is comparable to human skin. It is translucent that gives marble statues a visual depth beyond its surface and this evokes a certain realism when used for figurative works. Marble also has the advantage that, when first unearthed, it is relatively soft and easy to work, smooth, and polish. When the marble age is over, it becomes harder and more durable. The preferences for cheaper and less opaque limestone are based largely on the smoothness of the marble grains, which allow the sculptor to make minute detail in a way that is not always possible with limestone; it's also more weatherproof.
Losses
Marble can not stand handling properly because it will absorb the oil of the skin when touched, leading to a brownish yellow stain. While more resistant than limestone it can be attacked by weak acids, and thus perform poorly in the outer environment exposed to acid rain. For severe environments, granite is a more durable material but which is much more difficult to work with and less suitable for fine work. Compared to metals such as bronze, marble lacks tenacity and strength, requiring special structural considerations when planning statues. In the sculpture shown on the right, the figure can be placed on the slender lower leg and foot balls simply because the bending pressure in the statue is taken through a curtain that flows from the skirt, which is erected over the top of the ground and with the foot forming a foundation like tripod for mass. For comparison, see some examples in the article on bronze sculpture (especially the JetÃÆ'Â © statue) for ease with actions and extensions that might be expressed.
Maps Marble sculpture
Developing a sculpture
Work begins with the selection of stones to carve. Artists can engrave in a direct way, by carving without a model. Or the sculptor can start with a clear model to be copied in stone. Often, the sculptor will start by forming a model in clay or wax, and then copying this on a rock by measuring it with a caliper or a pointing machine. Some artists use the stone itself as an inspiration; Renaissance artist Michelangelo claims that his job is to free the human form that is trapped inside the block.
When he is ready to engrave, the engraver usually begins by knocking, or "throwing", mostly unwanted stones. For this task, he can choose a chisel of point, which is a long and long piece of iron with a tip at one end and a wide striking surface on the other. Pitching tools can also be used at this early stage, which is a wedge-shaped chisel with wide and flat edges. Pitching tools are useful for separating stones and removing large unwanted chunks. Sculptors also choose a hammer, which is often a hammer with a wide barreled head.
The engraver places the chisel point or the throwing edge of the selected stone, then swings the hammer with a controlled stroke. He must be careful to reach the end of the tool accurately; the smallest counting errors can damage the stone, not to mention the sculptor's hand. When the hammer is connected to the appliance, energy is transferred through the tool, destroying the stone. Most sculptors work rhythmically, rotating the tool with each blow so that the stone is removed quickly and evenly. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process.
After the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses another tool to fix the figure. A chiseled or chiseled chisel has several gouging surfaces that create parallel lines in stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the image. An artist may mark certain lines using a caliper to measure the area of ​​stone to be overcome and mark the disposal area with pencil, charcoal or lime. Stone carvers generally use a shallower stroke at this point in the process.
Finally, the sculptor has transformed the stone from the rough beam into a common form of the finished statue. Tools called rasps and rifflers are then used to enhance the shape to its final form. Serak is a flat steel tool with a rough surface. Sculptors use sweeping and sweeping sweeps to remove excess stones as small pieces or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of clothing or hair locks.
The final stage of the engraving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in polishing or sand. Emery, rock harder and more rugged than sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This misuse or eruption, raises the color of the stone, reveals the pattern on the surface and adds luster. Tin and iron oxide are often used to provide a highly reflective exterior stone.
Tools
The Italian term for the basic carved stone carving tools is given here, and where possible, the English term has been included.
- La Mazza - Palu. This is used to hit the chisel.
- Gli Scalpelli - Chisel. These come in different types:
- La Subbia - (point) chisel or sharp blow
- L'Unghietto - (Round or Rondel Chisel) Literally, "little nails"
- La Gradina - (Toothed Chisel or Claw) a chisel with lots of teeth -
- Lo Scalpello - flat chisel
- Lo Scapezzatore - (Pitcher or Pitching Tool) a large and powerful chisel with wide blunt edges, to split.
- Il Martello Pneumatico - Pneumatic hammer
- Il Flessibile - angle grinder, fitted with electrolytic diamond-studded blades
- Drill Hands
In addition to the hand tools listed above, the marble sculptor will use a variety of hammers - both for striking the cutting tools (chisels and hand drills) and for striking the rocks directly (Bocciarda a Martello in Italy, Boucharde in French, Bush Palu in Bahasa English). Following the work of hammers and chisels, sculptor will sometimes refine the shape further through the use of Rasps, Files and Abrasive Rubbing Stones and/or Sandpaper to smooth the surface contours of the shape. To achieve a high gloss polishing on marble, a very fine abrasive, lead oxide, is used following the use of sandstone pumice or fine pulp.
Techniques tool
The work of hammers and dots is a technique used in stone work, which was used at least since the Roman era, as described in the Pygmalion legend, and even earlier, the ancient Greek sculptor used it from c. 650 BC. It consists of holding a pointed chisel against a rock and swinging a hammer into it as hard as it can. When the hammer is connected to the prominent chisel end, its energy is transferred downward and concentrates at a point on the block's surface, breaking the stone. This is followed by a line that follows the desired contour. This may sound simple but many months is needed to achieve competence. A good rock worker can keep the beat relatively longer (about one per second), swing the hammer to a wider arc, lift the chisel between the bursts to remove any chips that keep blocking, and reposition it for the next punch. In this way, one can push the deeper point into the rock and remove more material at a time. Some stone workers also rotate the subbia on their finger between the hammer blows, thus applying with each blow a different part from point to stone. This helps prevent the point from breaking up.
See also
- List of sculptors
- Stone statue
- Marble
- Statue
- Outline of sculpture topics
Some famous marble statues
- Parthenon Marbles, at the Acropolis Museum, Athens
- Aphrodite from Milos, (Venus de Milo) in the Louvre, Paris
- David by Michelangelo, in Florence
- LaocoÃÆ'¶n and Her Children by Agesander, at the Vatican Museums, Vatican City
- Moses by Michelangelo, in Rome
- PietÃÆ' by Michelangelo, at the Vatican
- Discobolus Lancellotti, throw Lancellotti discs at Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome
References
External links
- Marble statue at the British Museum
- Marble Statues from India We Carved Statues in Marble
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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