Petroleum industry in Canada

src: blogs.verdantis.com

Oil production in Canada is a key industry essential for the North American economy. Canada has the world's third largest oil reserves and is the fifth largest oil producer in the world and the fourth largest oil exporter. In 2015 it generates an average of 621,610 cubic meters per day (3.9 Mbbl/d) of crude oil and the equivalent. Of that amount, 61% improved and non-enhanced asphalt from oil sands, and lightweight crude remnants, heavy crude oil and natural gas condensate. Most of Canada's oil production is exported, about 482,525 cubic meters per day (3 Mbbl/d) by 2015, with almost all exports to the United States. Canada is by far the largest source of oil imports to the United States, providing 43% of US crude oil imports by 2015.

The oil industry in Canada is also called the "Patch of Oil" Canada; the term refers primarily to upstream operations (oil and gas exploration and production), and to a lesser extent for downstream operations (refining, distributing, and selling oil and gas products). In 2005, nearly 25,000 new oil wells were drilled in Canada. Every day, more than 100 new wells are planted in the province of Alberta alone. Although Canada is one of the largest oil producers and exporters in the world, Canada also imports large quantities of oil into its eastern provinces because its oil pipelines do not extend throughout the country and many of its refineries can not handle the types of oil fields it produces. In 2014, imports import 86.400 cubic meters per day (0.5 Mbbl/d) to the eastern provinces while exporting 453,700 cubic meters per day (2.9 Mbbl/d) from western provinces and offshore oil fields the northeast coast.

Video Petroleum industry in Canada

Histori

The Canadian petroleum industry is growing in parallel with the United States. The first Canadian oil well was dug by hand (not drilled) in 1858 by James Miller Williams near his bitumen plant in Oil Springs, Ontario. At a depth of 20 meters (66 feet) he struck oil, a year before "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the United States. Williams then went on to find "The Canadian Oil Company" which qualifies as the world's first integrated oil company.

Oil production in Ontario is expanding rapidly, and almost every significant producer becomes his own refinery. In 1864, 20 refineries operated in Oil Springs and seven in Petrolia, Ontario. However, the status of Ontario as an important oil producer did not last long. In 1880 Canada was a net importer of oil from the United States.

Canada's unique geography, geology, resources and residential settlement patterns have been key factors in Canadian history. The development of the petroleum sector helps illustrate how they have helped make this country quite different from the United States. Unlike the United States, which has a number of different major oil-producing regions, most of Canada's oil resources are concentrated in the huge Western Canada Sediment Valley (WCSB), one of the largest petroleum-containing formations in the world. This underlies the 1,400,000 square kilometers (540,000 sq./h) of Western Canada including some or part of the four western provinces and one northern region. Consisting of very large sedimentary rock sections up to 6 kilometers (3.7Ã, mi) thick that stretches from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Perisai of Canada to the east, it is far from the eastern and western ports of Canada as well as the history of the industrial center. It's also a long way from the industrial center of America. Due to its geographic isolation, the area was settled relatively late in Canadian history, and the true resource potential was not discovered until after World War II. As a result, Canada builds its manufacturing centers near its historic hydroelectric power plant in Ontario and Quebec, rather than its petroleum resources in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Unaware of its own potential, Canada began to import most of its oil from other countries as it developed into a modern industrial economy.

The province of Alberta is located in the center of WCSB and this formation underlies most of the provinces. The potential of Alberta as an old oil-producing province is not recognizable because it is geologically very different from the US oil producing regions. The first oil wells in western Canada were drilled in southern Alberta in 1902, but did not produce long and served to mislead geologists about the natural nature of Alberta's subsurface geology. The Turner Valley oil field was discovered in 1914, and was temporarily the largest oil field in the United Kingdom, but again it misled geologists about the geological properties of Alberta. In Turner Valley, the oil company's mistakes led to billions of dollars in damaging oil-burning fields that not only burned billions of dollars of gas without direct market, but destroyed the gas drivers in the field that allowed oil to become oil. produced. Flare gas in Turner Valley is visible in the sky from Calgary, 75 km (50 miles). As a result of the highly visible waste, the Alberta government launched a strong political and legal strike against the Canadian Government and oil companies that continued until 1938 when the province established the Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Agency and enacted strict conservation laws.

Canada's status as an oil importer from the US suddenly changed in 1947 when the Leduc No 1 well was drilled a short distance south of Edmonton. Geologists recognize that they have completely misunderstood the geology of Alberta, and the highly productive Leduc oil field, which has since produced more than 50,000,000 m ³ (310 million bbl) of oil is not a unique formation. There are hundreds of Devon coral formations more like under Alberta, many of them full of oil. There is no indication of the surface of their existence, so they must be found using reflection seismology. The main problem for oil companies is how to sell all the oil they find rather than buying oil for their refineries. The pipeline is built from Alberta via the Midwestern United States to Ontario and to the west coast of British Columbia. Exports to the US increased dramatically.

Most oil companies that explore oil in Alberta come from the US, and at its peak in 1973, more than 78 percent of Canada's oil and gas production was under foreign ownership and more than 90 percent of oil and gas production companies were under foreign. control, mostly Americans. This foreign ownership spurred the National Energy Program under the Trudeau government.

Maps Petroleum industry in Canada

Primary player

Although about a dozen companies operate oil refineries in Canada, only three companies - Imperial Oil, Shell Canada and Suncor Energy - operate more than one refinery and market the product nationwide. Other refiners generally operate single refineries and market products in certain areas. Regional refiners include North Atlantic Refinery at Newfoundland, Irving Oil in New Brunswick, Valero Energy in Quebec, Cooperative Federation in Saskatchewan, Chevron in British Columbia, and Husky Energy in Alberta, BC, and Saskatchewan. While Petro Canada was once owned by the Canadian government, it is now owned by Suncor Energy, which continues to use the Petro Canada label for marketing purposes. In 2007, Canada's three largest oil companies posted a profit of $ 11.75 billion, up 10 percent from $ 10.72 billion in 2006. Revenue for the Big Three rose to $ 80 billion from about $ 72 billion in 2006. that number excludes Shell Canada and ConocoPhillips Canada, two private subsidiaries that produced nearly 500,000 barrels per day in 2006.

• Encana Corporation
• Natural Resources Canada Limited
• Husky Energy Inc.
• ConocoPhillips
• Talisman Energy Inc.
• Devon Canada Corporation
• Suncor Energy
• Cenovus Energy

src: www.macleans.ca

Division

Most (97%) of Canadian oil production occurs in three provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador. By 2015 Alberta produces 79.2% of Canada's oil, Saskatchewan 13.5%, and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador 4.4%. British Columbia and Manitoba generate about 1% each. The four Western Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba all produce their oil from the vast and oil-rich Western Canada Valley of Canada, which is based in Alberta but extends to the other three western provinces and to the Northwest Territories. The provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador produce their oil from offshore drilling at the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in the western Atlantic Ocean.

Alberta

Alberta is Canada's largest oil-producing province, providing 79.2 percent of Canada's oil output by 2015. This includes light crude, heavy crude, raw asphalt, synthetic crude, and natural gas condensate. By 2015 Alberta produces an average of 492,265 cubic meters per day (3.1 Mbbl/d) from Canada's 621,560 cubic meters per day (3.9 Mbbl/d) of oil and equivalent production. Much of its oil production comes from its huge oil-sand deposits, whose production has continued to increase in recent years. This deposit gives Canada the world's third largest oil reserve, which is rivaled only by similar but even larger oil reserves in Venezuela, and conventional oil reserves in Saudi Arabia. Although Alberta has produced more than 90% of its conventional crude oil reserves, it produces only 5% of its oil sands, and its remaining oil reserves represent 98% of Canada's existing oil reserves.

In addition to being the world's largest oil-asphalt oil sander producer, Alberta is the largest producer of conventional crude oil, synthetic crude, natural gas and liquefied natural gas products in Canada.

Oil sand

Alberta's oil sand underlies 142,200 square kilometers (54,900 sq. M) of land in Athabasca, Cold Lake and the Peace River in northern Alberta - a vast expanse of boreal forest areas of England. The Athabasca oil sands are the only major oil fields in the world suitable for surface mining, while Cold Lake oil sands and Peace River sands should be produced by drilling. With the advancement of extraction methods, asphalt and economical synthetic crude oil are produced at a cost close to conventional crude oil prices. This technology grows and develops in Alberta. Many companies use conventional strip mining and non-conventional methods to extract asphalt from the Athabasca deposit. Approximately 24 billion cubic meters (150 Gbbl) of remaining oil sands are considered to be recoverable at current prices with current technology. Fort McMurray city was developed nearby to serve oil sands operations, but its remote location in an unknown boreal forest posed a problem when the entire population of 80,000 had to be evacuated with short notice due to Fort McMurray Wildfire 2016 which enveloped the city and destroyed more than 2,400 homes.

Oil field

Major oilfields are found in southeast Alberta (Brooks, Medicine Hat, Lethbridge), northwest (Grande Prairie, High Level, Rainbow Lake, Zama), center (Caroline, Red Deer), and northeast (heavy crude oil found adjacent to sand oil.)

The structural areas include: Foothills, Greater Arch, Deep Basin.

Oil processor

There are five oil sands processers in Alberta that convert raw asphalt into synthetic crude, some of which also produce refined products like diesel. It has a combined capacity of 1.3 million barrels per day (210,000 m ³ /d) of raw asphalt.

• Shell Canada Scotford Upgrader in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta has a capacity of 255,000 barrels per day (40,500 m ³ /d) of raw asphalt.
• The energy update of Suncor near Fort McMurray, Alberta has a capacity of 440,000 barrels per day (70,000 m ³ /d) of raw asphalt.
• The update of Syncrude Mildred Lake near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 407,000 barrels per day (64,700 m ³ /d)
• Long Lake Chinese Long Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) retailer near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 72,000 barrels per day (11,400m ³ /d)
• The Canadian Natural Resources Ltd (CNRL) Horizon upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 156,000 barrels per day (24,800m ³ /d)

Oil pipeline

Due to Canada's largest oil-producing province, Alberta is the center of Canada's crude oil pipeline system. Around 415,000 kilometers (258,000 mi) of Canadian oil and gas pipelines operate within the limits of Alberta and fall under the jurisdiction of the Alberta Energy Regulator. The pipeline that crosses the provincial or federal border is regulated by the National Energy Board. The main pipeline carrying oil from Alberta to markets in other provinces and US states includes:

• The Inter-Provincial Pipeline System (now called the Enbridge Piping System) was built in 1950 to transport crude from Edmonton, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin where supplies the United States of the Middle West. In 1953 it expanded into Sarnia, Ontario to supply the Ontario market, and in 1976 to Montreal, Quebec.
• The Trans Mountain Pipeline System (now operated by Kinder Morgan) was built in 1953 to transport crude oil and processed products from Edmonton to Vancouver, BC. It also supplies raw materials to a major US oil refinery in Washington state. Only crude oil and condensate are shipped to the United States.
• Norman Wells Pipeline (now owned by Enbridge) was built in 1985 to bring crude oil from Norman Wells, NWT to Zama City, Alberta, where it is connected to the Alberta pipeline network.
• Pipeline Express was built in 1997 to carry oil from the Alberta pipeline in Hardisty, Alberta to the US states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming and Colorado.
• The Keystone pipeline was built in 2011 to bring oil from Hardisty, Alberta to the US main pipe center in Cushing, Oklahoma, where it connects to a pipeline to Texas, Louisiana, and much of the Eastern United States.

Oil Refinery

There are four oil refineries in Alberta with a combined capacity of more than 458,200 barrels per day (72,850 m ³ /d) of crude oil. Most are in a place known as the Refinery Row in Strathcona County near Edmonton, Alberta, which supplies products to most of Western Canada. In addition to refined products such as gasoline and diesel, refineries and upgraders also produce off-gas, which is used as feedstock by nearby petrochemical plants.

• The Suncor Energy (Petro Canada) refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 142,000 barrels per day (22,600 m ³ /d) of crude oil.
• The Imperial Strathcona Oil Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 187,200 barrels per day (29,760 m ³ /d).
• The Shell Canada Scotford Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m ³ /d). It is located adjacent to Shell Scotford Upgrader, which provides it with raw materials.
• The Husky Lloydminster Refinery in Lloydminster, in eastern Alberta has a capacity of 29,000 barrels per day (4,600 m ³ /d). Located across the provincial border of the Husky Lloydminster Heavy Oil Upgrader in LLoydminster, Saskatchewan, which provides it with raw materials. (Lloydminster is not a twin city but is hired by both provinces as a city across the border.)

Other oil related activities

Two of the largest petrochemical producers in North America are located in central and northern central Alberta. Both in Red Deer and Edmonton, world-class polyethylene and vinyl producers deliver products delivered worldwide, and the Edmonton oil refinery provides raw materials for the large petrochemical industry east of Edmonton. There are hundreds of small companies in Alberta dedicated to providing services for the industry - from drilling to well maintenance, pipeline maintenance to seismic exploration.

While Edmonton (population 1.36 million in 2015) is the provincial capital and is considered a pipeline, manufacturing, chemical processing, research and refining center for the Canadian oil industry, its rival city, Calgary (population 1.44 million) is the headquarters of the oil company major and financial center, with more than 960 senior and junior corporate offices. Calgary also has regional offices of six major Canadian banks, some 4,300 oil companies, energy and related service companies, and 1,300 financial services firms, helping to make it the second largest headquarters city in Canada after Toronto.

• Oil and gas activities are regulated by the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) (formerly the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Council (ERCB) and the Energy and Utility Board (EUB)).

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan is Canada's second largest oil producing province after Alberta, producing about 13.5% of Canadian oil by 2015. This includes light crude, heavy crude oil, and natural gas condensate. Most of its production is heavy oil but, unlike Alberta, none of the major oil deposits in Saskatchewan are officially classified as bitumen sand. In 2015 Saskatchewan produces an average of 83,814 cubic meters per day (527,000 bbl/d) of oil and equivalent production.

Oil field

All Saskatchewan oil is produced from the vast West Canada Sediment Valley, about 25% of which base the province. Lying toward the northeast end of the sedimentary basin, Saskatchewan tends to produce more oil and less natural gas than other parts. It has four major oil-producing regions:

• The western Lloydminster region of Saskatchewan has huge, very large reserves of crude oil. (Oil field across the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, as well as production facilities.)
• The Kindersley region of central-central Saskatchewan produces light crude oil using a hydraulic fracturing of the Saskatchewan section of the Bakken Formation, which also produces most of North Dakota's oil.
• The Swift Current area in southwestern Saskatchewan produces most of the conventional oil.
• The Weyburn region in southeast Saskatchewan produces oils using a flood of carbon dioxide at the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project, the world's largest carbon capture and storage project.

Oil upgrade

There are two heavy oil processors in Saskatchewan.

• The NewGrade Energy Upgrader, part of the CCRL Refinery Complex in Regina, processes 8,740 cubic meters per day (55,000 bbl/d) of heavy oil from the Lloydminster area into synthetic crude.
• The Husky Energy Bi-Provincial Upgrader on the Saskatchewan side of Lloydminster processes 10,800 cubic meters per day (68,000 bbl/d) of heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan to lighter crude oil. In addition to selling synthetic crude to other refineries, it supplies raw materials to Husky Lloydminster refineries on the Alberta side of the border. (Lloydminster is not a twin city but is a single bi-province town across the Alberta/Saskatchewan border.)

Oil Refinery

Most of the provincial refining capacity is in one complex in the provincial capital of Regina:

• The CCRL Refinery Complex operated by the Federation of Cooperatives in Regina processes 8,000 cubic meters per day (50,000 bbl/d) into conventional refinery products. It received a lot of raw materials from the Newgrade upgrader.
• Moose Jaw Asphalt Inc. operates 500 cubic meters per day (3.100 bbl/d) asphalt plant in Moose Jaw.

Oil and gas activities are regulated by Saskatchewan Industrial and Resource (SIR).

Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador are Canada's third-largest oil producing province, producing about 4.4% of Canadian oil by 2015. This almost exclusively consists of light crude oil produced by offshore oil facilities at Grand Banks of Newfoundland. By 2015, these offshore fields produce an average of 27,373 cubic meters per day (172,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil.

Oil field

• The Hibernia oil field is located about 315 kilometers (196 miles) east-southeast of St. Petersburg. John's, Newfoundland. This field was discovered in 1979 and has been in production since 1997. The Basic Structure of Gravity Hibernia is the largest oil base in the world by weight because it must withstand collisions by icebergs.
• The Terra Nova oil field is located 350 kilometers (220 mi) off the east coast of Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1984 and has been in production since 2002. It uses the Floating Storage and Discharge vessel (FPSO) instead of a fixed platform to produce oil.
• The White Rose oil field is located 350 kilometers (220 mi) off the east coast of Newfoundland. This field was discovered in 1984 and has been in production since 2005. It uses an FPSO ship to produce oil.

Oil Refinery

Newfoundland has one oil refinery, Come By Chance Refinery, which has a capacity of 115,000 barrels per day (18,300 m ³ /d). The refinery was built before the discovery of offshore oil from Newfoundland to process cheap imported oil and sell its products mainly in the United States. Unfortunately the startup of the refinery in 1973 coincided with the 1973 oil crisis that quadrupled the refinery's crude supply price. These and technical problems caused the refinery to bankrupt in 1976. It restarted under the new owners in 1986 and has gone through a series of owners till date when it is operated by the North Atlantic Extension Limited. However, despite the fact that major oil fields were later discovered offshore Newfoundland, the refineries were not designed to process the type of oil they produced, and it did not process Newfoundland oil at all until 2014. Until then all Newfoundland produce went to refineries in the United States and elsewhere in Canada, while refineries import all their oil from other countries.

British Columbia

British Columbia produces an average of 8,643 cubic meters per day (54,000 bbl/d) of oil and the equivalent in 2015, or about 1.4% of Canadian oil. About 38% of the production of this liquid is light crude oil, but most (62%) are natural gas condensates.

The British Columbia oil field is located at the vulnerable northwest end of gas in Canada's Western Sediments Basin, and its oil industry is secondary to the larger natural gas industry. Drilling for gas and oil occurs in the Northeast Peace Country of British Columbia, in the vicinity of Fort Nelson (Greater Sierra oil field), Fort St. John (Pink Mountain, Border Ring) and Dawson Creek

Oil and gas activities in BC are regulated by the Oil and Gas Commission (OGC).

Oil mill

BC has only two remaining oil refineries.

• The Prince George Refinery Husky Energy in Prince George, BC processes 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m ³ /d) from locally produced light oil in northeastern BC.
• Chevron Canada Burnaby Refinery in Vancouver, suburb of Burnaby processes 55,000 barrels per day (8,700 m ³ /d) light oil received from Alberta via Trans Kinder Morgan Transmission System./li>

There were once four oil refineries in the Vancouver area, but Imperial Oil, Shell Canada, and Petro Canada transformed their refineries into product terminals in the 1990s and now supply the BC market from their large refineries near Edmonton, Alberta, which is closer to Canada. oil sands and the largest oil fields. Chevron's refineries are at risk of shutting down due to the difficulty of getting oil supplies from Alberta through the limited-capacity Trans Mountain Pipeline, the only pipeline linking to Canada.

In June 2016 Chevron placed its oil refinery in Burnaby, BC for sale, along with its fuel distribution network in British Columbia and Alberta. "The company recognizes this is a challenging time and we have to be open to changing market conditions and emerging opportunities," said a company representative. The refinery, which started production in 1935, has 430 employees. Chevron's offer to sell follows the sale of Imperial Oil from 497 Esso gas stations at B.C. and Alberta. It is unclear what will happen if Chevron fails to sell its BC assets.

Manitoba

Manitoba produces an average of 7,283 cubic meters per day (46,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil by 2015, or about 1.2% of Canadian oil production.

Manitoba oil production is located in southwest Manitoba along the northeast side of Williston Basin, a large geological structural basin that also underlies parts of southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana. Unlike in Saskatchewan, very little Manitoba oil is heavy crude oil.

• Some drill rigs for oil in south west Manitoba

There are no refineries in Manitoba.

North America (land)

Northern Canada

Northwest Territories produces an average of 1,587 cubic meters per day (10,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil by 2015, or about 0.2% of Canadian oil production. There is a large historic oil field in Norman Wells, which has produced most of its oil since it began production in 1937, and continues to produce at low prices. There used to be an oil refinery at Norman Wells, but closed in 1996 and all oil is now flowed to oil refineries in Alberta.

• Drilling for tight oil in Canol flakes plays near Norman Wells by Husky Energy and others.

Northern Canada (offshore)

Extensive drilling was conducted in the Canadian Arctic during the 1970s and 1980s by companies such as Panarctic Oils Ltd., Petro Canada and Dome Petroleum. After 176 wells were drilled at a cost of billions of dollars, 1.9 billion simple barrels (300 ÃÆ'â € " 10 ^ ⁶ m ³ ) of the oil was found. None of these findings is large enough to pay for the multibillion-dollar production and transportation schemes needed to bring the oil out, so all drilled and abandoned wells have been lifted and abandoned. In addition, after the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, new regulations were introduced which made the company reluctant to drill off the Canadian Arctic.

• There is currently no offshore oil production in northern Canada
• There is currently no offshore drilling in northern Canada
Eastern Eastern (mainland)

Eastern Canada

Ontario produces an average of 157 cubic meters per day (1,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil by 2015, or less than 0.03% of Canadian oil production. Ground production in other provinces east of Ontario is even more insignificant.

Oil field

Ontario was the center of the Canadian oil industry in the 19th century. It has the oldest commercial oil wells in North America (dug by hand in 1858 in Oil Springs, Ontario, a year before Drake Well was drilled in Pennsylvania), and has the oldest producing oil field in North America (producing crude oil continuously since 1861). However, it peaked production and began to decline more than 100 years ago.

• Sporadic drilling in southern Ontario
• Sporadic drilling in western Newfoundland
• Sporadic drilling north of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island west
• Sporadic drilling north and east of Prince Edward Island

Oil pipeline

Canada had one of the world's first oil pipes in 1862 when a pipeline was built to deliver oil from Petrolia, Ontario to a refinery in Sarnia, Ontario. However, Ontario's oil fields began to decline towards the end of the 19th century, and in World War II Canada imported 90% of its oil. In 1947, there were only three Canadian crude oil pipes. One built only to handle Alberta production. The second imported oil was moved from the Maine coast to Montreal, while the third brought American oil to Ontario. However, in 1947 the first major oil discovery was made in Alberta when Leduc No. 1 hit oil on the outskirts of Edmonton, Alberta. This was followed by much larger discoveries in Alberta, so the pipeline was built to bring newly discovered oil to refineries in the American Midwest and from there to a refinery in Ontario.

• The Interprovincial Pipeline (now known as Enbridge) was built in 1950 to bring Alberta oil to US refineries. In 1953 it was extended through the US to Sarnia, Ontario and in 1956 to Toronto. This makes it the longest crude pipeline in the world.
• The Inter-Provincial Pipeline channel was extended to Montreal in 1976 after the 1973 oil crisis disrupted foreign oil supplies to Eastern Canada.
• The Portland-Montreal Pipeline was built during World War II to bring imported oil from a marine terminal in South Portland, Maine through the United States to Montreal. By 2016, the pipeline is no longer in operation because the only remaining Montreal Refinery, now owned by Suncor Energy, produces enough oil to meet its needs from Canadian oil sands.

Oil Refinery

Despite having very little oil production, Eastern Canada has a large number of oil refineries. The one in Ontario is built close to the historic oilfield in southern Ontario; which in the eastern province was built to process oil imported from other countries. After Leduc No. 1 was discovered in 1947, a much larger oilfield in Alberta began supplying the Ontario refinery. After the 1973 oil crisis drastically increased the price of imported oil, the refinery economy became unprofitable, and many of them were closed. In particular, Montreal, which has six oil refineries in 1973, now has only one.

Ontario

• Nanticoke Refinery - (Imperial Oil), 112,000 bbl/d (17,800 m ³ /d)
• Sarnia - (Imperial Oil), 115.000 bbl/d (18,300 m ³ /d)
• Sarnia - (Suncor Energy), 85.000 bbl/d (13,500 m ³ /d)
• Corunna - (Shell Canada), 72.000 bbl/d (11.400 m ³ /d)
• Mississauga - (Suncor Energy), 15,600 bbl/d (2,480 m ³ /d)

Quebec

• Montreal Refinery - (Suncor Energy), 140.000 bbl/d (22.000 m ³ /d).
• LÃÆ' © vis - (Valero Energy Corporation)), 265.000 bbl/d (42.100 m ³ /d)

New Brunswick

• Irving Oil, Saint John (Irving Oil), 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m ³ /d)

Newfoundland and Labrador

• North Atlantic Factory, Come With Opportunity - (North Atlantic Purification), 115,000 bbl/d (18,300 m ³ /d)

Newfoundland and Labrador Provinces are Canada's third largest oil producer with 27,373 cubic meters per day (172,000 bbl/d) of light crude from the offshore oil field Grand Banks by 2015, about 4.4% of Canadian oil. See the Newfoundland and Labrador sections above for details. Most of the other offshore production is in Nova Scotia province, which produces 438 cubic meters per day (2,750 bbl/d) of natural gas condensate from Sable Island offshore natural gas field in 2015, or about 0.07% of Canadian oil.

• Drilling and offshore oil production in Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose offshore Newfoundland
• Drilling and offshore gas production in Sable Island field off the coast of Nova Scotia
• Sporadic drilling along the continental shelf off Nova Scotia (eg Shelburne Basin)
• Sporadic drilling on the Laurentian fan at the southern end of Cabot Strait
• Sporadic drilling in the eastern Northumberland Strait

src: www.ey.com

Long-term prospects

• Oil Production In North America

Generally, Canada's conventional oil production (through drilling in the standard) peaked in the mid-1970s, but the exploited East Coast offshore basin in the Canadian Atlantic did not peak until 2007 and still produce at relatively high prices.

Production from Alberta's oil sands is still in its early stages and the provincial bitumen resources that have been set up will continue for generations to come. The Alberta Energy Regulator estimates that the province has 50 billion cubic meters (310,000 MMbbl) of asphalt resources that can eventually be recovered. At the 2014 production level of 366,300 cubic meters per day (2.3 Mbbl/day), they will last for about 375 years. The AER project that bitumen production will increase to 641,800 cubic meters per day (4.0 Mbbl/day) by 2024, but at that level they will still last for about 213 years. Due to the enormous size of known oil sands deposits, economic, labor, environmental, and governmental considerations are constraints to production rather than finding new deposits.

In addition, Alberta Energy Regulator recently identified more than 67 billion cubic meters (420 Gbbl) of unconventional oil sources in the province. This volume is greater than the province's oil sands resources, and if developed will give Canada the largest crude reserves in the world. However, due to the nature of the recent discovery there is no plan to develop it.

Canadian oil field

This oilfield or economically important for the Canadian economy:

• Oil Springs, Ontario
• Turner Valley oil fields, Alberta
• Leduc oil fields, Alberta
• Builders' oil fields, Alberta
• Athabasca oil sand, Alberta
• The River Sand Sand, Alberta
• Oil of Cold Lake, Alberta
• Duvernay Formation, Alberta (oil and gas flakes)
• Montney Formation, Alberta, BC (oil and gas flakes)
• Hibernia oil field, offshore Newfoundland
• Terra Nova oilfield, offshore Newfoundland
• White Rose oil field, offshore Newfoundland

src: credbc.ca

Canadian upstream, middle and downstream components of the petroleum industry

There are three components of the Canadian petroleum industry: upstream, middle, and downstream.

Hulu

The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration and production (E & amp; P) sector .

The upstream sector includes searching for potential oilfields and underground or underwater natural gas, drilling exploration wells, and then drilling and operating wells that recover and bring crude oil and/or crude natural gas to the surface. With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been a significant shift towards including non-conventional gases as part of the upstream sector, and associated developments in the processing and transport of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The upstream sector of the petroleum industry includes Petroleum extraction, oil production plants, oil refineries and oil wells.

Midstream

The midstream sector involves transportation (through pipelines, trains, barges, or trucks), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or processed products. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver processed products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipelines combine gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver them to downstream customers, such as local utilities. Midstream operations are often taken to include some elements from upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include natural gas processing plants that purify crude natural gas and eliminate and produce natural sulfur and natural gas (NGL) elements as finished products. Midstream providers in Canada are referring to Barge, Railroad, Trucking and hauling companies, Pipeline transport companies, logistics and technology companies, Transloading companies and Terminal developers and operators. The development of massive oil sands reserves in Alberta will be facilitated by the development of a North American pipeline that will transport waste to refineries or export facilities.

Access to tidewater

Canadian oil sands, for example, are landlocked and very important to the petroleum industry that the transport of petroleum products follows production. At present, mainland-bound petroleum oil products suffer heavy losses on price differentials. Until Canadian Canadian, Canadian Select crude oil accesses international prices such as LLS or Mayan crude oil to the tidewater (south to US Gulf port via Keystone XL for example, west to Pacific coast BC via the proposed Gateway North path to the port at Kitimat, BC or north through the northern hamlet of Tuktoyaktuk, near the Beaufort Sea, the Alberta Government (and to a lesser extent, the Canadian government) loses from $ 4 billion to $ 30 billion in tax revenue and royalties, because the main product of oil sands, Western Canadian Select (WCS ), a basket of crude asphalt crude oil, was heavily discounted on West Texas Intermediate (WTI) while Mayan crude, similar products close to the tidewater, reached the highest price.The Calgary West Foundation-based Canada warned in April 2013 that Alberta "ran against the wall [ pipeline capacity] around 2016, when we will have an oil barrel that we can not move. "

Frustrated by the delay in obtaining approval for Keystone XL (via the US Gulf of Mexico), Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines (via Kitimat, BC) and the extension of the existing TransMountain line to Vancouver, British Columbia, Alberta has intensified exploration of two northern areas of the project "to assist the province get oil to tidewater, make it available for export to overseas markets. " Under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Canadian government spends $ 9 million in May 2012, and $ 16.5 million in May 2013, to promote Keystone XL.

In the United States, the Democratic Party is concerned that Keystone XL will only facilitate obtaining Alberta oil sands products to tidewater for export to China and other countries through the American Gulf Coast of Mexico.

Port Metro Vancouver memiliki sejumlah terminal minyak, termasuk: Suncor's Burrard Products Terminal, Imperial Oil Limited'a Ioco di Burrard Inlet East, Kinder Morgan Westridge Kinder Morgan Westridge di Burnaby, Shell Canada, Chevron Canada Ltd. Stanovan di Burnaby.

Hilir

The downstream sector usually refers to petroleum crude oil refining and processing and purification of crude natural gas, as well as marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector touches consumers through products such as gasoline or gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oil, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hundreds of petrochemicals. Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and are considered as part of the downstream sector.

Crude oil

Crude oil, for example, Western Canadian Select (WCS) is a mixture of various types of hydrocarbons and usually contains many sulfur-containing compounds. The purification process converts most of the sulfur into hydrogen sulphide gas. Raw natural gas may also contain hydrogen sulphide gas and sulfur-containing mercaptans, which are discharged at natural gas processing plants before the gas is distributed to consumers. Hydrogen sulfide is discharged in the purification and processing of crude oil and natural gas and then converted into sulfur by-product elements. In fact, most of the 64,000,000 sulfur metric tons produced worldwide in 2005 were sulfur by-products from refineries and natural gas processing plants.

src: dblack.com

Regulatory agency in Canada

See also Canadian energy policy

Jurisdiction over the oil industry in Canada, which includes energy policies governing the oil industry, is shared between the federal and provincial and territorial governments. The provincial government has jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation and management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products. The federal jurisdiction in the energy sector mainly deals with inter-provincial and international trade arrangements (including pipelines) and trade, and management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products in the federal territory.

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

The Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) Division of Petroleum and Natural Gas Policy and Regulations (Petroleum and Natural Gas Division) provides an annual review and summary of industry trends in crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products in Canada and the United States,

National Energy Board

The petroleum industry is also regulated by the National Energy Board (NEB), an independent federal regulatory body. NEB regulates inter-provincial and international pipelines and power lines and oil; export and import of natural gas under long-term licenses and short-term orders, oil exports under long-term licenses and short-term orders (no applications for long-term exports have been proposed in recent years), and offshore borders and offshore areas not covered by any provincial/federal management agreement.

In 1985, the federal government and provincial governments in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan agreed to deregulate the price of crude oil and natural gas. Canadian Atlantic offshore oil is managed under joint federal and provincial responsibility in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Provincial governing body

There were some regulations in the early years of the petroleum industry. In Turner Valley, Alberta, for example, where the first petroleum field was discovered in 1914, it is common to extract less petroleum fluids by burning about 90% of natural gas. According to a 2001 report, the amount of gas that should be worth billions. In 1938, the provincial government of Alberta responded to the flashy and extravagant natural gas combustion. As crude oil was discovered in the Turner Valley field, in 1930, most of the free gas caps had been burned. The Alberta Natural Oil and Gas Conservation Agency (now known as the Energy Resources Conservation Council) was established in 1931 to initiate conservation measures but at the time the Depression caused a decrease in interest in oil production in Turner Valley which was revived from 1939-1945..

src: www.nationalobserver.com

See also

• Coal in Canada

src: www.nationalobserver.com

References

src: upload.wikimedia.org

External links

• CBC Digital Archive - Striking Oil in Alberta
• Canadian Fuels Association
• The Canadian Petroleum Producers Association (CAPP)
• Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame

Source of the article : Wikipedia