Birth control , also known as contraception and fertility control , is the method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe birth control methods were only available in the 20th century. Planning, providing, and using contraceptives is called family planning. Some cultures restrict or impede access to birth control because they perceive it as unwanted moral, religious, or political.
The most effective method of birth control is sterilization by male vasectomy and tubal ligation in women, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and implantable birth control. This is followed by a number of hormone-based methods including pills, patches, vaginal rings, and oral injections. Less effective methods include physical barriers such as condoms, diaphragms and birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods. The most ineffective method is spermicide and male withdrawal before ejaculation. Sterilization, although very effective, usually can not be reversed; all other methods are reversible, immediately after stopping them. Safe sex practices, such as the use of male or female condoms, may also help prevent sexually transmitted infections. Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency birth control can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex. Some people argue not to have sex as a form of birth control, but sex education without abstinence can increase teenage pregnancy if offered without family planning education, because of disobedience.
In adolescents, pregnancy is at greater risk of poor outcomes. Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control reduces unwanted pregnancy rates in this age group. While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people, reversible birth control such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings is more successful in reducing teenage pregnancy rates. After giving birth to a child, a woman who does not breastfeed exclusively can become pregnant again after at least four to six weeks. Some birth control methods can start immediately after birth, while others require a delay of up to six months. In women who are breastfeeding, the progestin method alone is preferred over oral birth control pills. In women who have reached menopause, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last period.
Approximately 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in developing countries do not use modern birth control methods. The use of birth control in developing countries has reduced the number of deaths during or around the time of pregnancy by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and may prevent 70% if full demand for birth control is met. By extending the time between pregnancies, birth control can improve the delivery of adult women and the survival of their children. In developing countries the children's income, assets, weight, and education as well as the health of their children increase with greater access to birth control. Birth control increases economic growth because fewer dependent children, more women participate in the workforce, and less use of scarce resources.
Video Birth control
Method
Birth control methods include barrier methods, hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), sterilization, and behavioral methods. They are used before or during sex while emergency contraception is effective up to five days after sex. Effectiveness is generally expressed as the percentage of women who become pregnant using the methods given during the first year, and sometimes as a lifetime failure rate between methods with high effectiveness, such as tubal ligation.
The most effective method is the old method of action and does not require ongoing health care visits. Surgical sterilization, implant hormones, and intrauterine devices all have a first-year failure rate of less than 1%. Hormonal contraceptive pills, vaginal patches or rings, and lactation amenorrhea methods (LAMs), if strictly adhered, may also have a first-year failure rate (or for LAM, first-six months) of less than 1%. With typical usage, the failure rate of the first year is very high, ie 9%, due to inconsistent usage. Other methods such as condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides have a higher first-year failure rate even with perfect use. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends long-term restored birth control as a first-line for young individuals.
While all birth control methods have some potential side effects, the risk is less than pregnancy. After stopping or eliminating many birth control methods, including oral contraceptives, IUDs, implants and injections, the pregnancy rate over the next year equals those who do not use contraceptives.
For individuals with certain health problems, certain forms of birth control may require further investigation. For healthy women, many birth control methods do not necessarily require medical examination - including birth control pills, birth control that can be injected or planted, and condoms. For example, a pelvic exam, a breast exam, or a blood test before starting the birth control pill does not seem to affect the outcome. In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a detailed list of medical eligibility criteria for each type of birth control.
Hormonal
Hormonal contraceptives are available in various forms, including oral pills, implants under the skin, injections, patches, IUDs and vaginal rings. They are currently available only to women, although hormonal contraception for men has been and is being clinically tested. There are two types of oral contraceptive pills, combined oral contraceptive pills (containing estrogen and progestin) and progestogen pills (sometimes called minipill). If taken during pregnancy, they do not increase the risk of miscarriage or cause birth defects. Both types of birth control pills prevent fertilization mainly by inhibiting ovulation and thicken cervical mucus. They can also alter the lining of the uterus and thus reduce implantation. Their effectiveness depends on the user's compliance to take the pills.
Combined hormonal contraception is associated with a slightly increased risk of venous and arterial blood clots. Vein freezing, on average, increased from 2.8 to 9.8 per 10,000 women a year that was still less than that associated with pregnancy. Because of this risk, they are not recommended in women over 35 who continue to smoke. Because of the increased risk, they are included in decision-making tools such as DASH scores and PERC rules that are used to predict the risk of blood clots.
The effect on sexual desire varies, with an increase or decrease in some but no effect on most. Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast cancer. They often reduce menstrual bleeding and painful menstrual cramps. Lower doses of estrogen released from the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast pain, nausea, and headaches associated with high-dose estrogen products.
Pills, syringes and progestin contraceptives alone are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with a history of blood clots in their veins. In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or progestin methods alone other than injection versions should be used. Progestin pills alone can improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by lactating women because they do not affect breast milk production. Irregular bleeding can occur with the progestin method alone, with some users reporting no period. The progestins drospirenone and desogestrel minimize androgenic side effects but increase the risk of blood clots and thus not the first line. The highest rate of initially used progestin mortality was 0.2%; the first failure rate using a typical is 6%.
Barrier
Barrier contraceptives are tools that try to prevent pregnancy by physically preventing sperm from entering the uterus. They include male condoms, female condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and sponge contraceptives with spermicides.
Globally, condoms are the most common method of birth control. Male condoms are placed on erect male penis and physically block sperm from stepping into the body of a sexual partner. Modern condoms are most often made from latex, but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane, or sheep gut. Female condoms are also available, most often made of nitrile, latex or polyurethane. Male condoms have the advantage of being cheap, easy to use, and have some bad effects. Making condoms available to teens does not seem to affect the age of onset of sexual activity or frequency. In Japan, about 80% of couples using contraceptives use condoms, while in Germany this number is about 25%, and in the United States 18%.
Male condoms and diaphragms with spermicides have a habit of using first-year failure rates of 18% and 12%, respectively. With the use of a perfect condom is more effective with a first-year failure rate of 2% versus a first year rate of 6% with a diaphragm. Condoms have the added benefit of helping to prevent the spread of some sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS, but condoms made from animal intestines do not.
Contraceptive sponge combines a barrier with spermicide. Like the diaphragm, they are inserted through the vagina before intercourse and should be placed above the cervix to be effective. The typical failure rate during the first year depends on whether a woman has given birth before, to 24% in those who have and 12% to those who have not. Sponges may be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and should be left for at least six hours thereafter. Allergic reactions and more severe side effects such as toxic shock syndrome have been reported.
Intra-uterine devices
The current contraceptive device (IUD) is a small, often T-shaped device, containing copper or levonorgestrel, which is inserted into the uterus. They are one of the most reversible forms of reversible long-acting contrast that is the most effective type of reversible birth control. The failure rate with copper IUD is about 0.8% while the levonorgestrel IUD has a 0.2% failure rate in the first year of use. Among birth control types, they, along with birth control implants, produce the greatest satisfaction among users. In 2007, IUDs were the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with more than 180 million users worldwide.
Evidence supports the effectiveness and safety of adolescents and those who have and have never had children. The IUD does not affect breastfeeding and may be inserted immediately after delivery. They can also be used immediately after the abortion. Once removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal immediately.
While copper IUD may increase menstrual bleeding and cause more painful cramps, hormonal IUD may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. Cramps can be treated with painkillers such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other potential complications include expulsion (2-5%) and infrequent uterine perforation (less than 0.7%). Previous models of intrauterine devices (Dalkon protectors) were associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, but the risk was not affected by the current model in those who were not infected with sexual infection around the time of insertion.
Sterilization
Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. There were no significant long-term side effects, and tubal ligation reduced the risk of ovarian cancer. Short-term complications are twenty times less likely than vasectomy rather than tubal ligation. After a vasectomy, there may be swelling and pain in the scrotum that usually disappears within a week or two. With tubal ligation, complications occur in 1 to 2 percent of procedures with serious complications usually due to anesthesia. There is no method that offers protection from sexually transmitted infections.
This decision may cause remorse to some men and women. Of women over 30 who have undergone tubal ligation, about 5% regret their decision, compared with 20% of women under the age of 30 years. In contrast, less than 5% of men tend to regret sterilization. Men are more likely to regret younger, have young children or have no children, or have unstable marriages. In a survey of biological parents, 9% said they would not have children if they were able to do it again.
Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to try tubal inversions to reconnect the fallopian tube or vasectomy reversal to reconnect deferentia vasa. In women, the desire for reversal is often associated with a change of spouse. The success rate of pregnancy after tubal reversal was between 31 and 88 percent, with complications including an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. The number of men requesting a reversal is between 2 and 6 percent. The success rate in raising another child after the reversal is between 38 and 84 percent; with success being lower the longer the time period between vasectomy and reversal. Sperm extraction followed by in vitro fertilization can also be an option in men.
Behavior
The behavioral method involves setting the time or method of sexual intercourse to prevent the introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either simultaneously or when an egg can be present. If used perfectly the first-year failure rate may be around 3.4%, but if used a poor first-year failure rate may approach 85%.
Awareness of fertility
Methods of fertility awareness involves determining the most fertile days of the menstrual cycle and avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse. Techniques for determining fertility include monitoring basal body temperature, cervical secretion, or day cycle. They have a typical first-year failure rate of 24%; perfect using first year failure rate depending on which method is used and ranges from 0.4% to 5%. However, the evidence underlying these estimates is bad because the majority of people in trials discontinue their use early on. Globally, they are used by about 3.6% of couples. If based on basal body temperature and other major signs, this method is referred to as a symptom. The first overall failure rate of 20% and 0.4% for perfect use has been reported in the clinical study of the simtothermal method. A number of fertility tracking applications are available, by 2016, but they are more commonly designed to help those who are trying to get pregnant than to prevent pregnancy.
Withdrawal
The withdrawal method (also known as coitus interruptus) is the practice of terminating sexual intercourse ("pull out") before ejaculation. The main risk of withdrawal methods is that men can not manipulate properly or on time. The one-year failure rate varies from 4% with perfect use up to 22% with typical usage. This is not regarded as birth control by some medical professionals.
There is little data on the sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid. While some research while not finding sperm, one experiment found sperm present in 10 of 27 volunteers. The withdrawal method is used as a contraceptive by approximately 3% of couples.
Abstinence
Sexual abstinence can be used as a form of birth control, which means not engaging in any type of sexual activity, or specifically not having vaginal sex, while having non-vaginal sex. A complete sexual abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. However, among those who took the promise to distance themselves from premarital sex, as many as 88% who had sex, did so before marriage. The choice to abstain from sex can not protect against pregnancy as a result of rape, and public health efforts that emphasize abstinence to reduce unwanted pregnancies may have limited effectiveness, especially in developing countries and among disadvantaged groups.
Non-penetrative sex without vaginal sex or deliberate oral sex without vaginal sex is sometimes regarded as birth control. While this generally avoids pregnancy, pregnancy can still occur with interracial sex and other forms of vaginal-penis sex (genital rubbing, and penis coming out of anal sex) in which sperm can be deposited near the entrance to vagina and can travel together. vaginal lubrication fluid.
Sex education does not abstain from reducing teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy rates and STI rates are generally equal or higher in states where students are given a non-abstinence education, compared to comprehensive sex education. Some experts suggest that those who use abstinence as the primary method have available backup methods (such as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills).
Lactation
The method of lactational amenorrhoea involves the use of postpartum natural postpartum infertility that occurs after childbirth and can be prolonged by breastfeeding. This usually requires the presence of no periods, exclusive breastfeeding, and children younger than six months. The World Health Organization states that if breastfeeding is the only source of infant nutrition, the failure rate is 2% within six months after delivery. Six uncontrolled studies of lactation amnore method users found a failure rate at 6 months postpartum between 0% and 7.5%. The failure rate increased to 4-7% in one year and 13% in two years. Feeding formula, pumping instead of breastfeeding, using pacifiers, and feeding solid foods all increase the rate of failure. In those who exclusively breastfeed, about 10% start having menstruation before three months and 20% before six months. In those who do not breastfeed, fertility may return four weeks after delivery.
Emergency
Emergency contraception methods are medicines (sometimes mistakenly referred to as "morning-after pill") or devices used after unprotected intercourse in the hope of preventing pregnancy. They work primarily by preventing ovulation or fertilization. They are unlikely to affect implantation, but this has not been completely excluded. A number of options exist, including high-dose contraceptive pills, levonorgestrel, mifepristone, ulipristal and IUD. Levonorgestrel pills, when used within 3 days, reduce the likelihood of pregnancy after a single episode of unprotected sex or a failed condom by 70% (yielding a 2.2% gestation rate). Ulipristal, when used in 5 days, reduces the likelihood of pregnancy by about 85% (1.4% pregnancy rate) and may be slightly more effective than levonorgestrel. Mifepristone is also more effective than levonorgestrel, whereas copper IUD is the most effective method. IUDs can be inserted for up to five days after intercourse and prevent about 99% of pregnancies after an unsafe sex episode (pregnancy rate 0.1 to 0.2%). This makes it the most effective form of emergency contraception. In those who are overweight or obese, levonorgestrel is less effective and is advisable to use an IUD or ulipristal.
Providing emergency contraception pills for women in advance does not affect the rate of sexually transmitted infections, condom use, pregnancy rate, or sexual risk taking behavior. All methods have minimal side effects.
Double protection
Double protection is the use of methods that prevent sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. It can either be condoms either alone or along with other birth control methods or by avoiding penetrative sex.
If pregnancy is a big problem, using two methods at the same time is natural. For example, two forms of birth control are recommended for those taking anti-acne isotretinoin drugs or anti-epileptic drugs such as carbamazepine, because of the high risk of birth defects if taken during pregnancy.
Maps Birth control
Effects
Health
Contraceptive use in developing countries is thought to have reduced the number of maternal deaths by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and can prevent 70% of deaths if full demand for birth control is met. This benefit is achieved by reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies that subsequently result in unsafe abortion and by preventing pregnancy in those at high risk.
Birth control also improves child survival in developing countries by prolonging time between pregnancies. In this population, results are worse when a mother is pregnant within eighteen months of her previous labor. Delaying another pregnancy after a miscarriage but does not change the risk and women are advised to try pregnancy in this situation whenever they are ready.
Teenage pregnancies, especially among younger adolescents, are at greater risk for adverse outcomes including early childbirth, low birth weight, and infant mortality. In the United States, 82% of pregnancies between 15 and 19 are not planned. Comprehensive sex education and access to family planning are effective in reducing pregnancy rates in this age group.
Financial
In developing countries, birth control increases economic growth because there are fewer dependent children and thus more women participate or increase contributions to the workforce. Income, assets, body mass index, and body mass index and body mass index of their children all improved with greater access to birth control. Family planning, through the use of modern contraceptives, is one of the most cost-effective health interventions. For every dollar spent, the United Nations estimates that two to six dollars are kept. These cost savings are linked to preventing unplanned pregnancies and reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. While all methods are financially profitable, the use of copper IUDs results in the greatest savings.
Total medical costs for pregnancy, delivery and newborn care in the United States averaged $ 21,000 for vaginal delivery and $ 31,000 for caesarean birth in 2012. In most other countries, the cost is less than half. For children born in 2011, the average US family will spend $ 235,000 over 17 years to raise them.
Prevalence
Globally, in 2009, about 60% of those who are married and can have children use contraceptives. How often different methods are used vary widely across countries. The most common methods in developed countries are condoms and oral contraceptives, whereas in Africa it is oral contraceptives and in Latin America and Asia it is sterilization. In developing countries overall, 35% birth control is through female sterilization, 30% through IUDs, 12% through oral contraceptives, 11% through condoms, and 4% through male sterilization.
While less used in developed countries than in developing countries, the number of women using IUD in 2007 was more than 180 million. Avoiding sex when fertile is used by approximately 3.6% of women of childbearing age, with a 20% use in South America. In 2005, 12% of couples used the male form of birth control (either condom or vasectomy) at a higher rate in the developed world. The use of male birth forms decreased between 1985 and 2009. Contraceptive use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased from about 5% in 1991 to about 30% in 2006.
In 2012, 57% of women of childbearing age want to avoid pregnancy (867 of 1,520 million). However, about 222 million women can not access family planning, 53 million of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa and 97 million of whom are in Asia. This results in 54 million unplanned pregnancies and nearly 80,000 maternal deaths each year. Part of the reason why many women do not have contraceptives is that many countries restrict access for religious or political reasons, while others are poverty. Due to the strict abortion laws in Sub-Saharan Africa, many women turn to unauthorized abortion providers for unwanted pregnancies, resulting in about 2-4% having unsafe abortions each year.
History
Initial history
Egyptian Papersus Ebers from 1550 BC and Papyrus Kahun from 1850 BC have some of these documented descriptions of birth control: the use of honey, acacia leaves and fibers to place in the vagina to block sperm. It is believed that in Ancient Greece silphium was used as birth control which, because of its effectiveness and thus desire, was harvested to extinction.
In medieval Europe, any attempt to stop pregnancy was considered immoral by the Catholic Church, although it was believed that women at the time were still using a number of birth control measures, such as coitus interruptus and incorporating the roots of lilies and rue into the vagina. Women in the Middle Ages were also encouraged to bind the ferret's weeds around their thighs during sex to prevent pregnancy. The oldest condom found to date is found in the ruins of Dudley Castle in England, and dates back to 1640. They were made of animal gut, and were most likely used to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases during the British Civil War. Casanova, who lived in 18th-century Italy, described the use of sheepskin to prevent pregnancy; However, condoms were only widely available in the 20th century.
Birth control motion
The birth control movement developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Malthus League, based on the idea of ​​Thomas Malthus, was founded in 1877 in England to educate the public on the importance of family planning and to advocate for getting rid of punishment for promoting birth control. It was founded during the "Knowlton trial" of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh, who was charged for issuing various birth control methods.
In the United States, Margaret Sanger and Otto Bobsein popularized the phrase "birth control" in 1914. Sanger especially advocated for birth control on the idea that it would prevent women from seeking unsafe abortions, but during his lifetime he began campaigning for it with the reason that it will reduce mental and physical disabilities. He was particularly active in the United States but had gained an international reputation in the 1930s. At that time, under the Comstock Act, the distribution of birth control information was illegal. He jumped assurances in 1914 after his arrest for distributing birth control information and leaving the United States for the British Empire. In England, Sanger, influenced by Havelock Ellis, further developed his argument for birth control. She believes women need to enjoy sex without fear of pregnancy. While abroad, Sanger also saw a more flexible diaphragm at a Dutch clinic, which he said was a better form of contraception. After Sanger returned to the United States, he founded a short-lived birth control clinic with the help of his sister, Ethel Bryne, who was based in Brownville section in Brooklyn, New York in 1916. It was closed after eleven days and resulted in his arrest. Publicity surrounding arrests, trials, and appeals triggered birth control activism throughout the United States. In addition to his sister, Sanger is assisted by her first husband, William Sanger, who distributes copies of "Family Limitation." Sanger's second husband, James Noah H. Slee, will also be involved in the movement, acting as the primary funder.
The first permanent birth control clinic was established in England in 1921 by Marie Stopes who worked with the Malthus League. Clinics, run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors, offer advice on birth control of women and teach them the use of cervical caps. The clinic made an acceptable contraceptive during the 1920s by presenting it in scientific terms. In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In 1924 the Institute for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics was established to campaign for a city clinic; this led to the opening of a second clinic in Greengate, Salford in 1926. Throughout the 1920s, Stopes and other feminist pioneers, including Dora Russell and Stella Browne, played a major role in breaking taboos about sex. In April 1930 the Birth Control Conference collected 700 delegates and successfully brought birth control and abortion into the political sphere - three months later, the Ministry of Health, in the UK, allowed local authorities to advise birth control in welfare centers..
In 1936, the US court ruled in the U.S. v. One Package that medically prescribes contraception to save a person's life or his welfare is not illegal under the Comstock Act; following this decision, the American Medical Association Committee on Contraception revoked the 1936 statement condemning birth control. A national survey in 1937 showed 71 percent of the adult population supported the use of contraception. In 1938 347 birth control clinics were underway in the United States even though their ads were still illegal. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt openly supports birth control and family planning. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson began legalizing public funding for family planning services, and the Federal Government began to subsidize birth control services for low-income families. The Affordable Care Act, passed into law on March 23, 2010 under President Barack Obama, requires all plans in the Health Insurance Market to cover contraceptive methods. These include barrier methods, hormonal methods, implantation devices, emergency contraception, and sterilization procedures.
Modern methods
In 1909, Richard Richter developed the first intrauterine device made from silkworm intestines, developed further and marketed in Germany by Ernst GrÃÆ'¤fenberg in the late 1920s. In 1951, a chemist named Carl Djerassi from Mexico City made a hormone in a progesterone pill using a Mexican yam. Djerassi has chemically made pills but is not equipped to distribute them to patients. Meanwhile, Gregory Pincus and John Rock with the help of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America developed the first birth control pill in the 1950s, such as mestranol/noretynodrel, which became available to the public in 1960 through the Food and Drug Administration under the name Enovid . Medical abortion became an alternative to surgical abortion with the availability of prostaglandin analogues in the 1970s and mifepristone in the 1980s.
Society and culture
Legal position
Human rights treaties require most governments to provide information and services on contraception and birth control. This includes the requirement to make national plans for family planning services, eliminate laws that restrict access to family planning, ensure that safe and effective birth control methods are available including emergency contraception, ensure there are trained healthcare providers and affordable facilities , and make the process for reviewing the implemented program. If the government fails to do the above, it can make them violate the obligations of binding international treaties.
In the United States, the Supreme Court decision of 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut overrides state laws that prohibit the dissemination of contraceptive information based on constitutional rights for privacy for marital relationships. In 1971, Eisenstadt v. Baird extends this privacy right to single people.
In 2010, the United Nations launched the Movement of Every Child to assess progress in meeting women's contraceptive needs. The initiative has set a goal of increasing the number of modern KB users by 120 million women in 69 of the world's poorest countries by 2020. In addition, they aim to eliminate discrimination against girls and young women seeking contraception. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends in 2014 that oral contraceptive pills should use over-the-counter medicines.
At least since the 1870s, American religious, medical, legislative, and legal commentators have debated the laws of contraception. Ana Garner and Angela Michel have found that in this discussion men often attach reproductive rights to moral and political issues, as part of a sustained effort to regulate the human body. In press coverage between 1873-2013 they found a separation between institutional ideology and women's real experience.
Religious view
Religion differs greatly in their view of the ethics of birth control. The Roman Catholic Church formally accepts only natural family planning, although a large number of Catholics in developed countries accept and use modern birth control methods. Among Protestants, there are various views of non-existent supporters, as in the Quiverfull movement, to allow for all methods of birth control. Views in Judaism range from the more rigorous Orthodox sects, which prohibit all methods of birth control, to the more relaxed sect of the Reformation, most likely. Hindus can use natural and modern contraception. The general Buddhist view is that preventing conceptions is acceptable, while intervention after conception has occurred is not. In Islam, contraception is permissible if they do not threaten health, although its use is not recommended by some people.
World Contraception Day
September 26 is World Contraception Day, aimed at raising awareness and improving education on sexual and reproductive health, with a vision of the world where every pregnancy is desired. Supported by a group of governments and international NGOs, including the Office of Population Affairs, the Asia Pacific Council for Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, the European Society for Reproductive and Reproductive Health, the German Foundation for the World Population, the International Federation of Kidney Children and Adolescents, the Federation The International Planned Parenthood Federation, Marie Stopes International, the Population Services International, the Population Council, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and Women Deliver.
Misconceptions
There are a number of common misconceptions about sex and pregnancy. Douching after intercourse is not an effective form of birth control. In addition, it is linked to a number of health problems and thus is not recommended. Women can get pregnant the first time they have sexual intercourse and in a sexual position. Perhaps, though not very likely, to get pregnant during menstruation.
Direction of research
Female
Improvements to existing birth control methods are needed, as about half of those who conceive inadvertently use contraception at the time. A number of changes to existing contraceptive methods are being studied, including better female condoms, better diaphragms, progestin-only patches, and long-term progesterone-containing vaginal rings. This vaginal ring seems to be effective for three or four months and is currently available in some regions of the world. For women who rarely have sex, taking hormonal hormone levonorgestrel around the time of sex looks promising.
A number of methods for sterilizing through the cervix are being studied. One involves placing quinacrine in the uterus that causes scarring and infertility. Although this procedure is not expensive and requires no surgical skills, there is concern about long-term side effects. Another substance, polidocanol, which functions in the same way is being seen. The tool called Essure, which expands when placed in the fallopian tube and blocks it, was approved in the United States in 2002.
Men
Methods of birth control include male condom, vasectomy and withdrawal. Between 25 and 75% of sexually active men will use hormonal birth control if available to them. A number of hormonal and non-hormonal methods are in trial, and there are several studies that look at the possibility of a contraceptive vaccine.
The reversible surgical method under investigation is a reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) which consists of injecting a polymer gel, styrene maleic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide, into the vas deferens. Injection with sodium bicarbonate cleans the substance and restores fertility. Another is an intravas device that involves placing a urethane plug into a vas deferens to block it. The combination of androgens and progestin appear promising, as are selective androgen receptor modulators. Ultrasound and methods for heating the testes have undergone a preliminary study.
Other animals
Neutering or spaying, which involves taking multiple reproductive organs, is often performed as a method of birth control in pets. Many animal shelters require this procedure as part of an adoption agreement. In large animal surgery known as castration.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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