Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) is a professional doctoral degree for doctors and surgeons offered by medical schools in the United States. A D.O. Graduates may become licensed as osteopathic physicians, have equal rights, privileges, and responsibilities as doctors who have earned a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. DO. doctors were given permission to practice the full scope of treatment and surgery in 65 countries, and in all 50 US states. They constitute 7% of all US doctors. By 2016, there are over 129,000 osteopathic medical doctors and osteopathic medical students in the United States.
In the US, D.O. degree offered in 34 medical schools in 49 locations in 32 states, compared to the M.D. offered in 140 schools. Since 2007, total D.O. student enrollment has increased every year. By 2015, more than 20% of all medical school enrollments in the US consist of D.O. students. The curriculum in osteopathic medical school is similar to that of a medical school that provides M.D., who focuses on the first two years of biomedical and clinical science, then two years on core clinical training in clinical specialization.
After completing medical school, D.O. graduates may enter an internship or residency training program, which can be followed by fellowship training. Some D.O. graduates attend the same graduate medical education program with their colleagues at M.D., and then take the specialist board exams of the M.D., while D.O. others. graduates enter the osteopathic program, and take D.O. special board checks.
One important difference between D.O. and M.D. training is D.O. training adds 300 - 500 hours of learning techniques for the direct manipulation of the human musculoskeletal system.
Video Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
History
The practice of osteopathy started in the United States in 1874. The term "osteopathy" was created by physician and surgeon Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO. Still naming his new medical school "osteopathy," arguing that "bone, osteon, is the starting point from which [he] is to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions." He still founded the American School of Osteopathy (now AT Still University of the Health Sciences) in Kirksville, Missouri, to teach osteopathy on May 10, 1892. While the state of Missouri was granted the right to award the MD title, he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine rather than choose to maintain DO level differences. In 1898, the American Institute of Osteopathy started the Journal of Osteopathy and at that time four countries recognized the profession.
The osteopathic medical profession has evolved into two branches: osteopathic non-physician physicians trained and trained outside the United States and the United States trained in the full scope of osteopathic physician medical practice. The rule of non-physician manual osteopaths treatment varies greatly between jurisdictions. In the United States, osteopathic doctors hold D.O. Degree has achieved the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as a doctor with a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. Osteopathic doctors and non-physician osteopaths are so different that in practice they function as separate professions.
As conceived by Andrew Still, the letter "DO" means "Diplomate in Osteopathy" and the title given by the title is "Doctor of Osteopathy". Furthermore, the title was also given the title of "Osteopathic Medicine Doctor", and in recent times AOA preferred that this title be used exclusively, completed in the 1960 conference:
It was solved that the American Osteopathic Association instituted a policy, both officially in our publications and individually on a conversational basis, to use the term osteopathic treatment to replace the word osteopathy and osteopathic physicians and surgeons at the site of osteopath; osteopathy and osteopathy words are reserved for historical, sentimental, and informal discussions only.
Nevertheless, some DO continue to use the old term and the American Academy of Osteopathy retains the old usage in its name.
Maps Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
Demographics
By 2015, there are 96,954 osteopathic medical doctors in the United States and 123,075 DO numbers and osteopathic medical students. The proportion of women in the profession has been increasing since the 1980s. In 1985, about 10 percent of D.O. doctors are women, compared to 40 percent by 2015. Between 2008 and 2012, 49 percent of the new D.O. graduates are women.
During the 2011-12 academic year, the osteopathic medical student body consisted of: 69 percent white/non-Hispanic, 19 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 3.5 percent Hispanic, 3 percent African-American, and 0.5 percent Native American or Alaska. The rest are listed as "other or not logged in." The five-year change in osteopathic medical student registration by ethnicity has increased by 19 percent for white/non-Hispanic students, 36 percent for Asian-American students, 24 percent for Black/African American students and 60 percent for Hispanic/Latino students.
Education, training, and specificity
The osteopathic school medical curriculum is almost identical to the schools that award the M.D. (Doctor of Medicine). After being admitted to osteopathic medical school, it takes four years to graduate, and the school is divided into pre-clinical and clinical years. The pre-clinical years, first and second years, focus on biomedical and clinical sciences. The clinical years, the third and fourth years, consist of core clinical training and sub-internships in clinical specialties. Accredited osteopathic medical school standards require training in internal medicine, midwifery/gynecology, paediatrics, family practice, surgery, psychiatry, emergency medicine, radiology, preventive medicine and public health. According to Harrison's Internal Medicine Principles, "osteopathic physician training, practice, credentials, licensing, and replacement are virtually indistinguishable from MD-qualified physicians, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialization and subspecialty training and board certification."
DO. schools provide an additional 300-500 hours in direct manual treatment studies and the body's musculoskeletal system, called osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Historically, osteopaths agree with the view that such body manipulation can lead to systemic healing - a belief that is a form of pseudomedicine - but today American osteopathic doctors have evolved away from such pre-scientific ideas. Osteopathic doctors who use OMM primarily use it to treat musculoskeletal conditions, for which there is conflicting evidence. Specific criticism has been targeted at craniosacral therapy, the OMM component taught in many D.O. schools with limited scientific support.
Checkout
To be considered for admission to D.O. program, an applicant must complete a national standard exam called the Medical University Entrance Test (MCAT). Some authors noted differences in mean MCAT scores and the mean grade of students received in D.O. school versus those accepted at M.D schools in the United States. By 2015, the average MCAT and GPA for students who enter the M.D. program The US is 31.4 and 3.70, respectively, and 27.33 and 3.55 for D.O. matrikulan, although the gap is getting smaller every year. DO. medical schools are more likely to accept older non-traditional students and enter medicine as a second career or from non-science majors.
DO. medical students are required to take a Comprehensive Osteopathy Medical Examination (COMLEX-USA), which is sponsored by the National Osteopathic Medical Monitoring Agency (NBOME). COMLEX-USA is a series of four osteopathic medical licensing checks. The first two steps of COMLEX-USA are taken during medical school and are a prerequisite for the osteopathic residency program, which is available in almost all medical specialties and surgery. The third step exam consists of a written passage and a physical exam evaluation. The physical exam evaluation (COMLEX-PE) is only available in certain areas of the country and rated as PASS/FAIL exam. Finally, step 4 part of COMLEX is taken during residency.
In addition to COMLEX-USA, D.O. medical students may choose to take the M.D. licensing exam, called the US Medical License Examination (USMLE). This is usually done if the student wishes to enter the M.D. However, this is not always necessary, as some residency programs of M.D. does not require USMLE from D.O. applicants. Passed USMLE to D.O. and MD students in 2012 are as follows: Step 1: 91% and 94%, Step 2 CK: 96% and 97%, and Step 2 CS: 87% and 97%, respectively (this number may be misleading because only 46 DO students compared to 17,118 MD students evaluated for Step 2 CS) Step 3: 100% and 95% (this number may be misleading, as only 16 DO students compared to 19,056 MD students, evaluated for Step 3).
Certification of permissions and board
To obtain a license for medical practice in the United States, osteopathic medical students must pass a Comprehensive Osteopathic Respiratory Medical Examination (COMLEX), a licensing exam administered by the National Osteopathic Medical Monitoring Agency through their medical training. Students are given the option to also take the US Medical License Exam (USMLE) to apply for an accreditation program of the Accreditation Board for Graduate Doctor Education (ACGME). Those who have received or are in the process of earning a M.D. or D.O. Both titles are eligible to sit for USMLE. Due to their additional training, only D.O. the candidate is eligible to sit for COMLEX.
After completing the apprenticeship and residency requirements for their chosen medical specialization, and depending on whether the program is present as an accredited ACGME or AOA, the holder of D.O. may elect to be certified by a special council (via the American Medical Association's American Board of Specialties) or osteopathic special board (via the Osteopathic Association of Osteopathic Specialists certification board). In February 2014, the American Osteopathic Association and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education agreed to unify Postgraduate medical education and osteopathy beginning in 2020.
Depending on the country, medical licenses may be removed from joint boards (D.O. and M.D.) or separate medical examiner boards. All of the state's 70 state medical bodies are members of the Federation of State Medical Boards.
International variation
Currently, no osteopathic program located outside the United States will qualify a person to practice as an osteopathic doctor in the United States. A foreign osteopathic degree is not recognized by any country in the US as equivalent to American D.O. level.
International training rights
The following is an "International License Summary" for Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine trained in the US, as listed by the American Osteopathic Association:
See also
- Comparison of MD and DO in the United States
- List of medical schools in the United States
Notes and references
External links
- One description of DO about "What Is A DO?"
- Doctor Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) - National Institutes of Health
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments