Door

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The door is the transfer mechanism used to block and allow access to, entrances to or inside a confined space, such as a building, space or vehicle. The door usually consists of one or two solid panels, with or without windows, the swing is using the hinges horizontally. These hinges are attached to the edge of the door but there are also doors that glide, fold or spin. The main purpose of a door is to control physical access.

The door is very important in preventing the spread of fire and as a noise barrier. Many doors are equipped with a locking mechanism to allow entry to certain people and prevent others.

When opened, doors can allow people, animals, vents or light to pass through. The door is used to control the physical atmosphere in space by attaching the air draft, so that the interior can be more effectively heated or cooled. When closed, a door usually prevents air transfers from one side to the other. A similar structure that allows air to be moved through some form of grill work is called a gate.

The door may have an aesthetic purpose in creating an impression of what is outside; for example, keeping the administrative and manufacturing areas of a separate building. In a less formal setting, doors can also be seen as a sign of desire for privacy. As a form of courtesy and courtesy, people often knock before opening the door and entering the room. Some doors even have pointed "Knockers." like the one in the photo located next to this text.

Doors are often symbolically endowed with ritualistic purposes. For example, given access to the door, including keeping or receiving keys to the door, may have special significance. Similarly, doors and doors often appear in literature and art in a metaphorical or allegorical context, often as a sign of change.

In many cases, the interior side of a door matches the outer side, but, in some cases, there is a sharp contrast between the two sides, as in the case of a vehicle door.

Video Door

Histori

The earliest in the notes are those represented in Egyptian tomb paintings, where they are displayed as single or double doors, each in a single piece of wood. The door was once believed to be a literal door to the afterlife, and several doors leading to important places include the design of the afterlife. In Egypt, where the climate is very dry, there will be no fear of warping them, but in other countries it will be necessary to frame them, which according to Vitruvius (iv. 6.) is done with stiles (sea) (see: Frame and panel) : enclosed spaces filled with panels (tympana) allowed to be grooves made on stiles and rails. Stiles are vertical boards, one of which, tenoned or hinged, is known as a hanging stile, the other as a middle or stile encounter. Horizontal cross section is top rail, bottom rail, and middle or middle rail. The most ancient doors are made of wood, as mentioned in the biblical description of the Temple of Solomon in the olive wood (I Kings vi 31-35), which is carved and overlaid with gold. The doors that dwell in Homer appear to have been covered in silver or brass. In addition to olive wood, elm, cedar, oak and cypress are used. The 5,000-year-old door has been discovered by archaeologists in Switzerland.

All the ancient doors were hung by pivots at the top and bottom of the hanging stile that worked in the cavities on the threshold and the threshold, the latter always in some hard rocks such as basalt or granite. Found in Nippur by Dr. Hilprecht dating from 2000 BC. is in dolerite. The remains of the gates in Balawat are covered with bronze (now in the British Museum). These doors or gates are hung in two leaves, each about 8 ft 4 in (2.54 m) wide and 27 ft (8.2 m). high; they are wrapped in brass ribbons or strips, 10 inches high, covered with decorative reproduction figures, etc. The wooden doors appear to be about 3 inches thick, but the hanging stile is more than 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. Other sheaths of various bronze sizes have been found, proving that this has been a universal method adopted to protect pivot wood. In Hauran in Syria, where rare wood doors are made in stone, and one measures 5Ã,Â,4 in (1.63 m) by 2Ã, ft 7 in (0.79 m) at the British Museum; the ribbon on the meeting stile indicates that it is one of the double door leaves. In Kuffeir near Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found a stone door, 9 to 10 feet (3.0 m). high, into the entrance of the city. In Etruria are many stone doors called by Dennis.

The ancient Greek and Roman doors were single doors, double doors, triple doors, sliding doors or folding doors, in the latter case the leaves were hinged and folded backwards. At Eumachia, there is a three-leaf door painting. In the tomb of Theron in Agrigentum there is one door four carved panels on the rock. In the collection Blundell is a relief of a temple with double doors, each leaf with five panels. Among the examples, bronze doors in the SS church. Cosmas and Damiano, in Rome, are important examples of Roman period metal works; they are in two leaves, each with two panes, and framed in bronze. The Pantheon is similar in design, with a narrow horizontal panel on the side, at the top, bottom and center. Two other bronze doors from the Roman period are in the Lateran Basilica.

The Greek scientist, the Heron of Alexandria, created the earliest automatic door known in the 1st century AD during the Egyptian era of Egypt. The first sensor-activated auto doors were made in China during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui (r.604-618), which has one installed for the royal library. The first automatic gate operator was later made in 1206 by Arab inventor Al-Jazari.

Copper and its alloys are an integral part of medieval architecture. The doors of the Nativity church in Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with bronze plates, cut in patterns. The Hagia Sophia of Constantinople, from the 8th and 9th centuries, is made of bronze, and the west door of the Aix-la-Chapelle (9th century) cathedral, of similar manufacture, may have been brought from Constantinople, as well as some of them in St. Marks, Venice. The bronze doors at Aachen Cathedral in Germany date back to about 800 AD. The bronze baptismal door at Florence Cathedral was completed in 1423 by Ghiberti. (For more information, see: Copper in architecture).

From the 11th and 12th centuries there are many examples of bronze doors, the earliest being in Hildesheim, Germany (1015). Hildesheim's design influences the concept of Gniezno's door in Poland. The others in Southern Italy and Sicily, the following are the best: in Sant Andrea, Amalfi (1060); Salerno (1099); Canosa (1111); Troia, two doors (1119 and 1124); Ravello (1179), by Barisano of Trani, who also makes the door to Trani cathedral; and in the cathedral of Monreale and Pisa, by Bonano Pisa. In all these cases the hanging stile has a pivot on the top and bottom. The exact period when the substituted hinge is not well known, but the change apparently brings another method to strengthen and decorate the door, that is, with bands wrought unlimited design varieties. As a rule, the three bands from which the springs work in ornamental form a hinge, which has a ring outside the hanging stiles that fits into the vertical tenons running into the stone or wooden frame. There is an early 12th century example in Lincoln; in France metal work from the door of Notre Dame in Paris is probably the most beautiful in execution, but the examples are endless throughout France and England.

Back to Italy, the most famous door is the doors of Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence), which along with the door frames are all made of bronze, the last border may be the most remarkable: modeling figures, birds and leaves of the south door, by Andrea Pisano (1330), and the eastern door by Ghiberti (1425-1452), is very beautiful; at the north gate (1402-1424) Ghiberti adopted the same design scheme for the subject panel and its figures as Andrea Pisano, but at the east door the rectangular panel was all filled, with reliefs, where the biblical subjects were illustrated with figures. innumerable figures, these are probably the gates of Paradise spoken of by Michelangelo.

The doors of the mosque in Cairo have two types; which, externally, is coated with bronze or iron sheets, cut in decorative patterns, and etched or decorated, with superior tops; and which in wood, framed with intermittent square and diamond designs, the final description of this work is Coptic at its origin. The palace entrance in Palermo, made by Saracenic workers for Normandy, is a great example and in good preservation. A class of decorative doors that are somewhat similar to the latter are found in Verona, where edges of stiles and rails are tilted and notched.

At the Renaissance the Italian doors were quite simple, their architects more confident in the doors to effect; but in France and Germany otherwise is the case, the doors are intricately carved, especially in the periods of Louis XIV and Louis XV, and sometimes with architectural features such as columns and entablatures with pediment and alcoves, doors are in plain stone. While in Italy, the trend is to scale by increasing the number of panels, in France the opposite seems to have been the rule; and one of the big doors at Fontainebleau, which is in two leaves, fully done as if it consisted of only one large panel.

The earliest Renaissance Renaissance in France is the cathedral of St. Sauveur in Aix (1503). In the bottom panel there are numbers 3Ã, ft (0.91 m). high in the Gothic niche, and on the top panel of the double range of the niche with a figure of about 2Ã, ft (0.61 m). high with canopies on it, all carved in cedar. The southern entrance of the Beauvais Cathedral is in some ways the best in France; the top panel is carved with a high relief with the subject of the image and the canopy above it. The doors of the church at Gisors (1575) are carved with numbers in a niche divided by classical pilasters superimposed. At St. Maclou in Rouen there are three magnificent carved doors; which by Jean Goujon has figures in niches on each side, and the other in the magnificent beauty group in the center. Other doors, perhaps some forty to fifty years later, are enriched with intricate reliefs, landscapes, figures and boundaries.

The NASA Vehicle Assembling Building at the Kennedy Space Center contains the four largest doors. The Vehicle Assembly Building was originally built for the assembly of Saturn's Apollo mission vehicles and was later used to support Space Shuttle operations. Each of the four doors is 139 meters (456 feet) tall.

The oldest door in England can be found in Westminster Abbey and dating from 1050. In the 17th-century England door panels were raised with bolection or projecting prints, sometimes engraved very richly, encircling them; in the 18th century the mold works on stiles and rails carved with ornaments of eggs and tongues.

Maps Door

Design and style

Most doors are hinged on one side to allow the door to rotate from the doorway in one direction, but not the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. In some cases, such as a hinged garage door, the axis may be horizontal, above the open door.

The door can be hinged so that the rotation axis is not in the door field to reduce the required space on the side that opens the door. This requires a mechanism so that the rotation axis is on the side other than the one where the door is open. This sometimes happens in trains or airplanes, such as for doors to toilets, which open inwards.

A swing door has a special double-action hinge that allows it to open outward or inward, and is usually raised to close it.

The selfbolting door has a special hinge that allows the pane leaves to move sideways, so the door itself becomes a giant bolt for better security. The principle of selfbolting doors can be used both for hinged doors like for revolving doors, as well as up-and-over doors (in the latter case, the bolts are then placed at the top and bottom rather than on the sides).

French doors are derived from the original French design called trapdoor. This is a door with lites where all or some of the panels will be on the trapdoor. A French door has traditionally had a panel formed at the bottom of the door. It's called a French window when used in a pair as a double-leaved door with a large glass panel on each door leaf, and where the door can swing out (usually) as well as on.

The Mead door, developed by S Mead of Leicester, swings in both directions. It is vulnerable to being forced in because of its design.

Dutch door or stable door consists of two parts. The top operates independently from the bottom. The variant is where opening the top separately is possible, but because the bottom has lips on the inside, closes the top, while letting the bottom open, no.

A garden door resembles a French window (with lites), but it is safer because only one door can be operated. Operating door hinges adjacent to adjacent fixed doors and latches are located on the wall opening sills instead of between two doors or by using an espagnolette bolt.

Sliding door

It is often useful to have doors that slide along the path, often for space or aesthetic considerations.

The shortcut door is a door unit that has two or more parts. The doors can glide in one direction along one axis on parallel overhead tracks, gliding past each other. They are most often used in cabinets, to access one side of the cabinet at a time. The doors in the bypass unit will slightly overlap when viewed from the front, so as not to have a gap visible between them.

The door that slides between two wall panels is called pocket door .

Sliding glass doors are common in many homes, especially as the entrance to the backyard. Such doors are also popular for use as entrances to commercial structures, though not counted as fire exits. The moving door is called "active leaf", while the fixed door is called "inactive leaf".

Turning the door

A revolving door has several wings or leaves, generally four, radiating from the central axis, forming a compartment that rotates around the vertical axis. The rotary door allows people to pass both directions without colliding, and form an airlock that maintains the seal between inside and outside.

The pivot door, instead of a hinge, is supported at a distance farther from the edge, so there are more or less slits on the pivot side as well as the opening side. In some cases, the pivot is the center, creating two equal openings.

High-speed door

The high-speed door is a very fast door with an opening speed of up to 4 m/s, mainly used in industrial sectors where door velocity has an effect on production logistics, temperature and pressure control. high-speed clean room doors used in the pharmaceutical industry for special curtains and stainless steel frame. They guarantee the tightness of all access. The powerful high-speed door has a smooth surface structure and no prominent tip. Therefore, they can be easily cleaned and keep particles largely excluded. High-speed doors are made to handle high openings, generally more than 200000 a year. They need to be built with heavy duty parts and balancer systems for increased speed and emergency opening functions. The door curtain was originally made of PVC, but later also developed in aluminum and acrylic glass parts. High Speed ​​Refrigerators and cold room doors with excellent insulation values ​​are also introduced with Energy and Environmentally Saving requirements.

In North America, Doors and Access Manufacturing Systems Association (DASMA) defines high-performance doors as non-residential, powered doors, characterized by rolling, folding, shearing or swinging actions, which either cycle high (at least 100 cycles/day) or high speed (minimum 20 inches (508 mm)/second), and two of the following three: made to order for the right size and special features, designed to be able to withstand the impact of the equipment (break-away) if accidentally hit by a vehicle) or designed to maintain heavy use with minimal maintenance.

Automatic

Automatically opens the door is powered open and closed either by power, spring, or both. There are several methods used to open the door automatically:

1. The sensor detects incoming traffic. Sensors for automatic doors are generally:
   • Pressure sensors - ie, floor mats that react to the pressure of a person standing on it.
   • Curtains or infrared light that shines invisible light to the sensor; if someone or something is blocking the beam, the door will open.
   • Motion sensors that use low-power microwave radar for the same effect.
   • Remote sensors (for example by infrared or radio waves) may be triggered by a portable remote control, or installed in a vehicle. It's popular for garage doors.
2. Switches are operated manually, possibly after a security check. This can be a button switch or swipe card.
3. The act of pushing or pulling the door triggers an open and closed cycle. This is also known as power supply door.

In addition to the activation sensor automatically open the door is generally equipped with security sensors. This is usually a curtain or infrared light, but can be a mat pressure mounted on the side of the door swing. The purpose of a security sensor is to prevent the door from colliding with an object in its path by stopping or slowing its movement. The mechanism is set in modern automatic door to ensure that the door will be open in case of power failure.

More

The doors up and up or above the head are often used in the garage. Instead of a hinge it has a mechanism, often offset or popping, which allows it to be lifted so that it rests horizontally above the opening. Shutter rollers or overhead sectional doors are one variant of this type.

Doors drum doors or roller doors are up and down doors made of narrow horizontal blades and "rolls" up and down by sliding along vertical pathways and are usually found in entertainment centers and cabinets.

The opening door into is a door that can only be opened (or forced open) from outside the building. Such doors pose major fire risks for occupants of occupied buildings when they are locked. Since the doors can only be forcibly opened from the outside, the occupants of the building will be prevented from escaping. In commercial and retail situations, manufacturers have incorporated in the design of mechanisms that allow inward doors to be pushed open outward in an emergency (which is often a regulatory requirement). This is known as a 'breakaway' feature. Pushing the exit in its closed position, through the switch mechanism, disconnects power to the latch and allows the door to swing outwards. After restoring the door to the closed position, power is restored.

Hacked doors , a term especially used in the UK, are double doors that have lips or overlap (ie Rabbet) on the vertical edge where they meet. Fire-ratings can be achieved by the applied edge-guard or astragal mold on the meeting stile, corresponding to the American Fire door.

The Evolution Door is a railless door that moves in the same closing level as the sliding door. This system is an invention of the Austrian artist Klemens Torggler. This is a further development of DrehplattentÃÆ'¼r which usually consists of two rotatable, connected panels that move to each other when opened.

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Apps

The architectural door has many general and special uses. Doors are commonly used to separate interior spaces (cabinets, rooms, etc.) for convenience, privacy, safety, and security reasons. Doors are also used to secure access to buildings from outside, for reasons of climate control and safety.

The door is also applied in more specific cases:

• A Anti-explosion door is built to allow access to the structure and provides protection against explosive force.
• The garden door is any door that opens into the backyard or garden. The term is often used specifically for French windows, double French doors (with non lites paneling), in place of sliding glass doors. This term can also refer to what is known as the terrace door .
• The door of the jib is a hidden door, whose surface reflects the mold and the completion of the wall. It is used in British historic homes, especially as servant doors.
• The pet door (also known as cat flap or dog door) is a hole in the door to allow pets in and out without the main door being opened. It may just be covered by a rubber flap, or maybe the actual door is hinged above that the pet can push it. Pet doors can be installed in sliding glass doors as new panels (permanent or temporary). The pet door may be unidirectional, allowing only pets to exit. In addition, pet doors may be electronic, allowing only animals with special electronic tags to enter.
• A trapdoor is a door horizontally oriented on the ceiling or floor, often accessed via a ladder.
• The water door or the water entrance , as used in Venice, Italy, is a door that leads from a building built on water, such as a canal, to the water itself where, for example, one can enter or exit from a private boat or water taxi.

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Construction and components

Panel door

Panel doors, also called stile and rail doors, are constructed with frame and panel construction. EN 12519 describes terms officially used in the Member States of Europe. The main sections are listed below:

• Stiles - A vertical board that runs the full height of a door and forms the right and left sides. The hinge is fixed to the fixed side (known as the "hanging stick"), and the handle, lock, bolt or latch are mounted on the swing side (known as "latch stile").
• Rail - Horizontal board at the top, bottom, and optionally in the center of the door that connects the two stiles and separates the door into two or more panel rows. "Top rails" and "bottom rails" are named for their position. The bottom rail is also known as "kick rail". The middle rail at the height of the bolt is known as the "key rail", the other middle rail is commonly known as the "rail cross".
• Horoscopes - Smaller optional vertical boards that run between two rails, and split the door into two or more panel columns, the term is sometimes used for vertical on the door, but more often (English and Australian) referring to the vertical in the window.
• Muntin - Optional vertical member dividing the door into a smaller panel.
• Panel - Bigger board is used to fill space between stiles, rails, and mullion. Panels usually match the grooves in other parts, and help keep the door stiff. The panel may be flat, or in the design of the raised panel. Can be attached or stay as a floating panel.
• Light or Lite - a piece of glass used instead of a panel, basically gives the door a window.

Raft door board

Also known as balustrades and boosters, Door boards and battens are old designs that mainly consist of vertical slats:

• Board - Board wider than 9 "that extends the height of the door completely, and placed side by side fills the width of the door.
• Strips and braces - The edges extend horizontally across the door affixed by the board. The ledge holds a board or batten together. When diagonal they are called braces that prevent the door from tilting. In some doors, especially antique ones, the edges are replaced with iron bars that are often built into the hinges as an extension of the door side plate.

Framed and shielded door

Like the boards and doors of Batten

The impact-resistant door

The impact-resistant door has uneven edges to expend energy and minimizes chipping edges, scratches and dents. The edges that are formed are often made from engineering materials such as Acrovyn. Impact-resistant doors are superior in high-traffic areas such as hospitals, schools, and hotels.

Framed frames and doors

This type consists of a solid wooden frame, filled on one face, face with tongue and grooved board. Quite often used externally with a board on the face of the weather.

Flush door

Many modern doors, including most interior doors, are flush doors:

• Stiles and rails - As above, but usually smaller. They form the outer side of the door.
• Material core: The material inside the door is used only to fill the space, provide stiffness and reduce drumminess.
  • Hollow core - Often consisting of lattice or honeycomb made of corrugated cardboard, or thin wooden slats. Can also be built with a wooden beam that staggered. Hollow-core flush doors are usually used as interior doors.
    • Locks block - A solid wood block installed in a hollow-core buffer door near the bolt to provide a sturdy and stable location for installing door hardware.
  • Stave-cores - Composed of wooden planks piled on each other in a manner similar to boards and batten doors (though the blades are usually thinner) or hollow-wood blocks (except that the space is fully occupied).
  • Solid-core - Can consist of a low-density particle board or foam used to fill the space inside the door. The solid-core flush doors (especially the foam-core) are usually used as exterior doors as they provide more insulation and strength.
• Leather - The front and back faces of the door are then covered with wood veneer, thin plywood, sheet metal, fiberglass, or vinyl. Wood materials are usually coated with alternating directions between layers to prevent warping. Fiberglass and metal-faced doors are sometimes given a layer of cellulose that can be stained to look like wood.

Printed door

• Stiles and rails - As above, but usually smaller. They form the outer side of the door.
• Material core : The material inside the door is used only to fill the space, give stiffness and reduce boom.
  • Hollow core - Often consisting of lattice or honeycomb made of corrugated cardboard, extruded polystyrene foam, or thin wooden slats. Can also be built with a wooden beam that staggered. Hollow-core doors are usually used as interior doors.
    • Locks block - A solid wood block installed in a hollow-core buffer door near the bolt to provide a sturdy and stable location for installing door hardware.
  • Stave-core - Consists of wooden blades stacked to each other in a way similar to a board & amp; The batten door (although the slats are usually thinner) or the hollow wooden beams (except that the room is fully occupied).
  • Solid-core - Can consist of a low-density particle board or foam used to fill the space inside the door. The solid-core flush doors (especially the foam-core) are usually used as exterior doors as they provide more insulation and strength.
• Skin - Front and back faces of the door are covered with HDF/MDF skin.

Swing direction

Swinging Doors For most of the world, door swing, or delivery, is determined when standing on the outside or less secure from the door when facing the door (ie, standing beside the need for a key to open, going from outside to inside , or from public to private).

It is especially important to get the right hand and swing on the exterior door, because the window is usually closed and sealed to withstand the entry of water, and to drain properly. In some custom millwork (or with some master carpenters), the manufacture or installer will bevel the leading edge (the first edge to meet the frame as the door closes) so that the door fits tight without binding. Determining the wrong hand or swing will cause the door to bind, not to close properly or leak (for exterior doors). Fixing these specification errors will be expensive or time-consuming.

In North America, many doors now come with factory-mounted hinges, hung on frames and sills.

When facing the door from the outside or less secure, if the hinge is on the right side of the door, the door "Right hand"; or if the hinge is on the left, it is "Left hand".

If the door is swinging toward you, it is "Reverse swing"; or if the door swings away from you, it is "Normal swing".

In other words:

• Left hand hinges (LHHs): Standing outside (or on less secure side, or on the side of the general door), the hinges are on the left and the door opens in (away from you ).
• Right hand hinges (RHH): Stand outside (or on less secure side), the hinges are on the right and the door opens (away from you).
• Left hand holder (LHR): Standing outside the home (or on the less secure side), the hinges are on the left, the knob to the right, when opening that door swinging toward you (ie the door oscillating open, or "outswing")
• Inverted right side (RHR): Standing outside the home (ie on the less secure side), the hinges are on the right, the left button, opens the door by pulling the door toward you (ie open swing out, or "outswing")

In Australia, the "refrigerator rules" apply, and refrigerator doors are not opened from the inside. If the hinge is on the right, then it is the right door (or hung right). (Australian Standard for Wooden Frame Installation, USA 1909-1984 p 6)

In Europe one of the oldest DIN standards applies: DIN 107 "Building construction, right and left side identification" (1922-05 first, 1974-04 at present) defines that the door is categorized from the side where the door hinges can be seen. If the hinge is on the left, it is the DIN Left door (DIN link, DIN gauche), if the hinge is on the right, it is the right DIN (DIN rechts, DIN Droite) door. DIN Right and DIN Left marks are also used to categorize suitable installation materials such as mortise locks (referenced in DIN 107). European Standard DIN EN 12519 "Terminology Window and Door Terminology" includes the definition of this orientation.

In public buildings, exterior doors must be open to comply with fire codes that may apply in those jurisdictions. If the door opens inside and there's a fire, maybe someone runs for the door and they will not be able to open it.

Type

The new exterior door is largely determined by the type of material made of: wood, steel, fiberglass, UPVC/vinyl, aluminum, composite, glass (patio doors)...

Wooden doors - including solid wood doors - is a top choice for many homeowners, especially because of the aesthetic quality of the wood. Many wooden doors are specially made, but they have several disadvantages: their prices, their maintenance requirements (ordinary painting and coloring) and their limited insulation value (R-5 to R-6, excluding the effect of glass elements from the door).

Steel doors are other main type of front door; most of them come with polyurethane or other types of foam core insulation - an important factor in the comfort and overall efficiency of the building.

Most modern exterior walls are designed to provide thermal insulation and energy efficiency, which can be shown with Energy Star labels or Passive House standards. And that's where the premium composite (including steel doors with thick polyurethane or other foam cores), fiberglass and vinyl doors becomes interesting. From a thermal point of view, these doors can benefit from the materials it makes.

Isolation and weatherstrips

But there are some door models with R values ​​approaching 10 (which is much smaller than R-40 wall or R-50 ceiling of super-insulated building - Passive Building Solar and Zero Energy). The common doors are not thick enough to provide a very high level of energy efficiency.

Many doors may have good R-values ​​at their center, but overall energy efficiency is reduced due to the presence of glass and reinforcing elements, or because of poor coating and the way the doors are made.

Door weatherstripping is essential for energy efficiency. Passive doors German homes use many weatherstrips, including magnetic strips, to meet the higher standards. These weatherstrips are very important to reduce minimum energy losses due to air leakage.

Dimensions

United States

Standard size of US doors runs along 2 "stages.The custom size has a height of 78" (1981 mm) or 80 "(2032 mm) and width of 18" (472 mm), 24 "(610 mm), 26" (660 mm) , 28 "(711 mm), 30" (762 mm) or 36 "(914 mm). Most of the door to living room (room to room) is 30" x 80 "(762 mm x 2032 mm).

The standard US exterior door size is 36 "x 80" (91 x 203 cm). The interior door for wheelchair access should also have a width of at least 3'-0 "(91cm).The interior door of the residence is often a bit smaller with a 6'-8" height, as are many other small shops, offices and other light commercial buildings.. Larger commercial, public, and bigger buildings often use doors with higher altitudes. Older buildings often have smaller doors.

Thickness: Most pre-fabrication doors are 1 3/8 "thick (for interior doors) or 1 3/4" (exterior).

Wardrobe: small room like closet, dressing room, half bath, storage room, basement, etc. often accessed through a door smaller than the entrance in one or both dimensions but similar in design.

Garage: The garage door is generally 7'-0 "or 8'-0" wide for the opening of one car. Two car garage doors (sometimes called double car doors) are single 16'-0 doors. "Since the size and weight of these doors are usually sectional, they are divided into four or five horizontal sections so they can be raised more easily and do not require lots of extra space above the door when opening and closing.There are double garage doors found in some of the older homes.

Europe

Standard DIN doors are defined in DIN 18101 (published 1955-07, 1985-01, 2014-08). The door sizes are also given in standard construction for wooden door panels (DIN 68706-1). The DIN Commission is also responsible for the European standard DIN EN 14351-1 harmonized for exterior doors and DIN EN 14351-2 for interior doors (published 2006-07, 2010-08), which defines requirements for standard CE marking of sizes with examples in appendix.

The DIN 18101 standard has a normative size (NennmaÃÆ'Ÿ) slightly larger than the panel size (TÃÆ'¼rblatt) as standard derived panel sizes of normative sizes being single door vs. double doors and printed vs. unfolded doors. DIN 18101/1985 defines single-sided door interiors to have a general panel height of 1985 mm (normative height 2010 mm) on panel width of 610 mm, 735 mm, 860 mm, 985 mm, 1110 mm, plus larger door panel size 1110 mm x 2110 mm. The newer DIN 18101/2014 dropped the definition of only five standard door sizes that support a basic raster that runs along 125 mm in which the height and width are independent. The panel width may be in the range 485 mm to 1360 mmm, and the height may be in the range of 1610 mm to 2735 mm. The most common interior door is 860 mm x 1985 mm (33.8 "x 78.1").

The door component

When framed in wood for the installation of a fitting door, this door consists of two vertical poles on either side, a lintel or the head frame above, and possibly threshold at the bottom. When a door has more than one removable part, one of its parts may be called leaf . See door furniture for discussion of attachment to doors such as door handles, door handles, and door knockers.

• Lintel - Horizontal beam above the door supporting the wall above it. (Also known as header )
• Jambs - Vertical posts that make up the sides of the door frame, where the hinges are attached, and with which the bolts interact.
• Sill (for exterior doors) - Horizontal threshold plate under door supporting door frame. Similar to Sill Window but to door
• Threshold (for exterior doors) - Horizontal plates under the door bridging the gap between the interior floor and the threshold.
• Doorstop - a thin slat built inside the frame to prevent the door from swinging when it is closed, an action that can damage the hinge.
• Architrave - Decorative print that outlines the door frame. (called Archivolt if the door is curved). Called casing doors or brickmold in North America.

Related hardware

The door or hardware furniture refers to any of the items attached to the door or drawer to enhance the function or appearance. This includes items such as hinges, handles, door stops, etc.

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Related accidents

Door security deals with door-related accident prevention. Such accidents occur in various forms, and in a number of locations; ranging from car doors to garage doors. Accidents vary in severity and frequency. According to the National Safety Council in the United States, 300,000 injuries are caused by doors every year.

The types of accidents vary from relatively small cases where doors cause damage to other objects, such as walls, to serious cases that cause injury to humans, especially on the fingers, hands, and feet. The closing doors can deploy up to 40 tons per square inch of pressure between the hinges. Because of the number of accidents that have occurred, there has been a surge in the number of lawsuits. Thus the organization may be at risk when the door of the car or door inside the building is not protected.

According to the US General Services Administration:

... It is important that the children's fingers are protected from being crushed or injured in the door hinge or swing gate. There is a simple device available to be mounted on the side of the hinge, ensuring that this type of injury does not occur. When the door is closed, the hand is pushed out of the hole, away from danger. In addition, young people are vulnerable to injury when they fall on the sides of doors and other gates (hinged), projectedly prominent hinges. Piano hinges are not recommended to address this problem as they tend to sag over time with heavy usage. Conversely, more inexpensive hinge devices are available in the market and should be used to ensure safety...

Outside and Inside

Every time a door opens out there is a risk that it can attack others. In many cases this can be avoided with architectural designs that favor doors that open into the room (from the perspective of common areas such as corridors, doors open to the outside). In cases where this is not feasible, it is possible to avoid accidents by placing a window on the door.

However, an inner hinged door can also increase accidents by preventing people from getting out of the building: people inside the building can press the door, and thus keep the door open. This partly occurred in the flames of the Grue Church in Norway in 1822.

Currently, the exterior doors of most buildings (mainly public) open to the outside, while interior doors such as doors to individual rooms, offices, suites, etc. Open in, as do many door exterior homes, especially in North America.

Doorstops

Doorstops are simple tools used to prevent doors from coming into contact with other objects (usually walls). Without damaging the door stop might be done to the wall. They can absorb the power of a moving door, or hold the door in place to prevent unwanted motion.

The doorman

The purpose of the doorman (also known as a guard hinge, anti-finger trap device, or finger guard) is to reduce the number of finger trap accidents on the door, because the door poses a risk to children especially when closing. The door protector protects the fingers on the door hinges by covering the gap created by opening the door by closing the door hinges with a piece of rubber or plastic wrapping from the door to door frame. There is also a door security product that pulls out the fingers from the side of the door that pushes when the door is closed.

There are different levels of door protection. Front door protection anti-finger device ahead but leave the back side pin hinge door is not shielded. Full door protection uses front and rear anti-finger trapping devices and ensures the side of the door hinge is fully protected. Which level of protection should be precisely determined by risk assessment of the door.

There is also a side door protection, which prevents doors from slamming against the frame, which can cause finger/hand injuries.

Security door

The safety door prevents finger injury near the hinges without using a door protector. Instead of closing the danger area, the approach is to change the shape of the door so that an accessible gap does not form in the first place. This is achieved by adding a circular extension ("nose-nose") to the door, which moves in and out of the cavity as the door opens and closes. This prevents any part of the hand being destroyed near the hinges - both inside and outside. These doors have an operating range of slightly more than 90 degrees, so their use is limited to where they come into contact with side walls when fully open (or where they can be prevented from opening too far by the doorstop).

Glass door

Glass doors pose a risk of accidental collisions if one is sure the door will open when closed, or do not realize there is a door at all. The risk can be very clear with sliding glass doors as they often have large single panels that are hard to see. To prevent injury from glass doors, stickers or other types of warnings are sometimes placed on the glass surface to make it more visible. For example, in the UK, Rule 14 of the Workplace (Rules of Health and Safety) 1992 requires the marking of windows and glass doors to make them stand out. Australian Standards: AS1288 and AS2208 require glass doors to be made of laminated or hardened glass.

Fire

Special purpose fire doors are often used in buildings to reduce the overall risk of fire, especially by preventing the spread of fire and smoke. In cases where they are not installed properly, used, or damaged, the risk of fire may be increased. Door closers are sometimes used to ensure the fire door remains closed.

An additional risk in fires is that doors can prevent access to emergency service personnel to fight fire, rescue residents, etc. Door cutting techniques may be needed in this situation to gain access.

Panic panes are often used in buildings so that doors that are locked from the outside can be quickly and easily opened from within in case of fire or other emergency.

Vehicle doors

There may be an increased risk of trapping a hand or finger on the car door compared to other types of doors, due to the proximity of the occupants sitting. In some car accidents, injuries to occupants of the movement of car doors may occur.

Cyclists are often afraid of a collision with an open car door if the car occupants do not look carefully to check if it is safe to open the door. Since cyclists often ride near parked cars along side of road (see door zone ) they are very vulnerable.

The aircraft door

Doors that lead from the interior, pressurized, part of the aircraft to the outside or the area that is not pressed can cause extreme risk if they are accidentally opened during the flight. This can be reduced by having doors that open inward and designed to be forced into their door frame by internal cabin pressure - most cabin doors are of this type. However, an open outer door is often advantageous for cargo doors to maximize available space, and this needs to be secured by a strong locking mechanism to address internal pressure.

A number of accidents have occurred where the door of an open-air plane opened on the flight, often by accident:

• American Airlines Flight 96 (1972)
• Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (1974)
• United Airlines Flight 811 (1989)

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See also

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Note

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References

• This article combines text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Tower, Richard PhenÃÆ'Â © (1911). "Door". At Chisholm, Hugh. EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 8 (issue 11). Cambridge University Press. pp.Ã, 419-420.

External links

• Media related to Doors on Wikimedia Commons

Source of the article : Wikipedia