An discovery is a unique or new device, method, composition or process. The process of discovery is a process in the whole process of engineering and product development. This may be an improvement on a new machine or product or process for creating objects or results. Discovery that achieves a truly unique function or outcome can be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not clear to others skilled in the same field. An inventor may take a major step in success or failure.
Some inventions can be patented. Patents legally protect the inventor's intellectual property rights and legally acknowledge that the claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting inventions vary from country to country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive.
Another meaning of discovery is the invention of culture, which is a set of innovative social behaviors adopted by people and passed on to others. The Institute for Social Inventions collects many such ideas in magazines and books. Discovery is also an important component of artistic creativity and design. Invention often extends the limits of human knowledge, experience or capability.
Video Invention
Three areas of discovery
The invention consists of three types: scientific-tech (including medicine), sociopolitical (including economic and legal), and humanistic, or cultural.
Scientific-technological discoveries include railroad, aviation, vaccination, hybridization, antibiotics, astronautics, holography, atomic bombs, computing, the Internet, and smartphones.
The socio-political invention consists of new laws, institutions, and procedures that change the modes of social behavior and shape new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the British Parliament, the US Constitution, Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, Scouts, Red Cross, Olympic, United Nations, European Union and Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as movements such as socialism, Zionism, suffragism, feminism , and animal-rights veganism.
Humanistic discoveries encompass the culture as a whole and are transformative and important as in science, although people tend to regard it as ordinary. In the linguistic domain, for example, many alphabets are invented, as are all neologisms (Shakespeare finds about 1,700 words). Literary discoveries include epics, tragedies, comedy, novels, sonnet, Renaissance, neoclassicism, Romanticism, Symbolism, Aestheticism, Socialist Realism, Surrealism, postmodernism, and (according to Freud) psychoanalysis. Among the invention of artists and musicians are oil paintings, graphic arts, photography, films, musical tonality, atonality, jazz, rock, opera, and symphony orchestra. Philosophers have found logic (several times), dialectics, idealism, materialism, utopia, anarchism, semiotics, phenomenology, behaviorism, positivism, pragmatism, and deconstruction. Religious thinkers are responsible for discoveries such as monotheism, pantheism, Methodism, Mormonism, iconoclasm, puritanism, deism, secularism, ecumenism, and Baha'i. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends seem to have existed eternally or spontaneously appeared of their own accord, but most of them have founders.
Maps Invention
Discovery process
How to find practical
Ideas for an Invention can be developed on paper or on computers, by writing or drawing, by experimentation, by modeling, by experimenting, by testing and/or by making this discovery in its entirety. Brainstorming can also trigger new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are often used by engineers, designers, architects, and scientists. Co-inventors are often named by patents.
In addition, many inventors keep records of their work processes - notebooks, photos, etc., including Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein.
In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. This discovery may be simpler, more practical, expandable, or perhaps even morph into something completely different. Working on one discovery can cause others as well.
History shows that changing the concept of discovery into a device that functions is not always fast or direct. Findings can also become more useful as time passes and other changes occur. For example, a parachute becomes more useful after a powerful flight is a reality.
Conceptual tools
Invention is often a creative process. An open, inquisitive mind allows an inventor to look beyond what is known. Seeing new possibilities, connections or relationships can trigger discovery. Inventive thinking often involves combining different concepts or elements of nature that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors ignore boundaries between separate areas or fields. Some concepts can be considered when thinking about discovery.
Play
Playing can lead to discovery. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop a person's playing instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about new creations.
Sometimes discoveries and ideas may arise spontaneously in daydreaming, especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns. For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of Harry Potter) and Frank Hornby (the inventor of Mecca) first had their ideas while on a train journey.
Conversely, a successful aerospace engineer, Max Munk, advocates "purposeful thinking".
Re-envision
To create is to see a new one. Inventors often dream of new ideas, see them in their mind's eye. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. New ideas may come in a flash - Eureka! moment. For example, after years of working on the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant dice that makes an indelible impression, the great map of the universe outlined in a clear vision." The invention may also be unintentional, as in the case of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).
Insights
Insight can also be an important element of the invention. Such inventive insight can begin with questions, doubts or guesses. It may begin by acknowledging that something unusual or unintentional may be useful or can open up new avenues for exploration. For example, strange plastic colors made accidentally added thousands of times too much catalyst that caused scientists to explore their metallic properties, creating electrically conductive plastics and emitting light plastic --- an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to innovative lighting, screen display, wallpaper and more (see conductive polymers, and organic light-emitting diodes or OLEDs).
Exploration
Invention is often an exploratory process with an uncertain or unknown result. There are failures and successes. Inspiration can begin the process, but no matter how complete the initial idea, discovery should usually be developed.
Improved
Inventors can, for example, try to improve things by making them more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serving more goals, more durable, cheaper, more environmentally friendly, or more aesthetically, more ergonomically, structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc.
Applying Discovery
In economic theory, discovery is one of the main examples of "positive externalities", beneficial side effects that fall on them outside of transactions or activities. One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities must be internalized - unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the less valued parties to their invention, and systematically yield less results to subordinates. investment in activities leading to the invention. The patent system captures the positive externalities for the inventor or other patent owner so that the overall economy invests a number of optimal resources in the process of discovery.
Invention vs. innovation
In the social sciences, innovation is something new, better and has been adopted and proven to create positive value. This is a key distinction of an invention that may not create a positive value but develop progress in a particular field of development. The theory for the adoption of innovation, called the diffusion of innovation , considers the possibility that innovation is adopted and the taxonomy of people tends to adopt or spur adoption. This theory was first put forward by Everett Rogers. Gabriel Tarde also deals with adoption of innovations within his Laws of Imitation .
Purpose of discovery
Discovery can serve many purposes, and does not always create a positive value. These goals may differ significantly and may change over time. An invention or development may serve a purpose never imagined by the discoverer. Plastic is a great example.
Inventions as defined by patent law
The term discovery is also an important and important legal concept for patent law systems worldwide. As with the concept of law, its legal meaning is slightly different from the use of ordinary words. In addition, the legal concept of the invention is very different in American and European patent law.
In Europe, the first test the patent application must pass is, "Is this a discovery?" If so, the next question is whether it is new and inventive enough. The implication - counter-intuitive - is that legal discoveries are not inherently novel. Whether the patent application relates to the invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, which excludes, for example, such invention and such software . The EPO Boards of Appeal decides that the technical character of an app is crucial to representing a discovery, following ancient Italian and German traditions. The English court disagrees with this interpretation. After Australia's 1959 ("NRDC") decision, they believed it was impossible to understand the concept of discovery in one rule. The English court once stated that a technical character test implies "... a re-statement of a problem in a more improper terminology."
In the United States, all patent applications are considered invention. The law explicitly says that the concept of American discovery including the discovery (35 USC Ã, § 100 (a)), contradicts the concept of European discovery. The concept of European discovery conforms to America's "patentable" concept: the first test filed for a patent application. Although the law (35 USC Ã, § 101) virtually has no limit to patenting anything, the court decides in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and natural laws can not be patented. Various attempts were made to strengthen the "abstract idea" test, which suffered from the abstract itself, but ultimately, nothing worked. The last attempt so far was a "machine or transformation" test, but the US Supreme Court ruled in 2010 that it was only the best indication.
Invention in art
Discovery has a long and important history in art. Inventive thinking always plays an important role in the creative process. While some inventions in art can be patented, others are not because they can not meet the stringent requirements set by the government to grant them. (see patent).
Some inventions in art include:
- Collages and constructions created by Picasso
- Readymade was discovered by Marcel Duchamp
- the phone was created by Alexander Calder
- Merge created by Robert Rauschenberg
- Painting shaped created by Frank Stella
- Moving pictures, discoveries attributed to Eadweard Muybridge
Similarly, Jackson Pollock created a completely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splashing paint onto the canvas that lies on the floor.
The inventive tools of artist trade also produce progress in creativity. Impressionist painting is possible because newly folded, reusable metal paint tubes that facilitate spontaneous outdoor painting. The discovery originally created in the form of art can also develop other uses, namely, the cell phone Alexander Calder, which is now commonly used in cribs. Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture may support the realization of inventions or other creative works. The 1879 design patent from Auguste Bartholdi in 1879 on the Statue of Liberty helped fund the famous statue for covering small replicas, including those sold as souvenirs.
The timeline for discovery in art lists the most famous artistic inventors
See also
References
Further reading
- Asimov, Isaac. Chronology of Science and Discovery Asimov, Harper & amp; Row, 1989. ISBN: 0-06-015612-0
- De Bono, Edward, "Eureka! History Means Discovery from Wheel to Computer", Thames & amp; Hudson, 1974.
- Cameron, Julia, Cameron, Julia, The Artists' Way
- Fuller, Edmund, Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventor . New York: Hastings House, 1955.
- Gowlett, John. Ascent to Civilization, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. ISBNÃ, 0-07-544312-0
- Meyer, Jerome S. Great Discovery . New York: The Pocket Book, 1956.
- Platt, Richard, "Eureka!: Great Discovery and How They Happened", 2003.
- Art and Entertainment Patents by Gregory Aharonian and Richard Stim (2004)
External links
- Discovery Idea
- PCT List (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Leading Discovery at WIPO
- Hottelet, Ulrich (October 2007). "Created in Germany - made in Asia". The Asia Pacific Times . Archived from the original on 2012-05-01.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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