The Indian Constitution guarantees free health care to all its citizens, but in practice the private health care sector is responsible for most healthcare services in India, and most health care costs are paid by patients and their families, rather than through insurance. All government hospitals are required to provide free health care.
Video Healthcare in India
Health care system
Public health
Free public health services for those who are below the poverty line. The public health sector covers 18% of total outpatient care and 44% of total inpatient care. Middle and upper class individuals tend to use fewer public health services than those with lower living standards. In addition, women and the elderly use more public services. The general health care system was initially developed to provide means for access to health care regardless of socioeconomic status. However, dependence on the public and private health sectors varies considerably between states. Some reasons cited for relying on the private sector rather than the public sector; the main reason at the national level is the low quality of care in the public sector, with more than 57% of households pointing this out as a reason for preference for private health care. Most public health services serve in rural areas; and poor quality arise from the reluctance of experienced healthcare providers to visit rural areas. As a result, most public health care systems serving rural and remote areas rely on inexperienced and unmotivated internships who are mandated to spend time in public health clinics as part of their curricular requirements. The other main reasons are the distance of public sector facilities, long waiting times, and uncomfortable operating hours.
Different factors related to public health care are shared between state and national government systems in decision-making, as national governments address widely applicable health issues such as overall family welfare and major disease prevention, while state governments address aspects such as local hospitals, public health, promotion and sanitation, which vary from state to state based on the particular community involved. Interactions between state and national governments do occur for health problems that require larger scale resources or cause concern for the country as a whole.
Following the 2014 election that brought Prime Minister Narendra Modi to office, Modi's government launched a plan for a national universal health care system known as the National Health Insurance Mission, which will provide all citizens with free medicines, diagnostic treatments, and insurance for serious illnesses. By 2015, the implementation of universal health care systems is delayed due to budget problems.
Taking into account the goal of obtaining universal health care, experts ask policy makers to recognize the widely used form of health care. Scholars state that the government has a responsibility to provide affordable, adequate, new and acceptable health care for its citizens. Public health care is indispensable, especially when considering the costs incurred with private services. Many citizens rely on subsidized health care. The national budget, scholars argue, should allocate money to the public health sector to ensure the poor are not allowed to stress in meeting private sector payments.
Personal health care
With the help of government subsidies in the 1980s, private healthcare providers entered the market. In the 1990s, market expansion gave further impetus to the development of the private health sector in India. After 2005, most healthcare capacity building has been in the private sector, or in partnership with the private sector. The private sector comprises 58% of hospitals in the country, 29% of hospital beds, and 81% of doctors.
According to the National Family Health Survey-3, the private medical sector remains the primary source of health care for 70% of urban households and 63% of rural households. Research conducted by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics in 2013, in 12 states in more than 14,000 households shows a steady increase in the use of private health care facilities over the last 25 years for Out Patient and In Patient services, in rural and urban areas. In terms of health quality in the private sector, a 2012 study by Sanjay Basu et al., Published in PLOS Medicine, indicates that healthcare providers in the private sector are more likely to spend a longer duration with their patients and conduct physical examinations as part of the visit compared to those working in public health services.
However, the high cost of the private healthcare sector has led to many households experiencing Disaster Health Expenditures (CHE), which can be defined as health expenditures that threaten household capacity to maintain basic living standards. Private sector costs only increased. One study found that more than 35% of poor Indian households suffer from CHE and this reflects the adverse situation in which India's health care system today. With government spending on health as a percentage of falling GDP over the years and an increase in the private healthcare sector, the poor are left with fewer options than ever before to access health care services. Private insurance is available in India, as well as various through government-sponsored health insurance schemes. According to the World Bank, about 25% of Indians have some form of health insurance in 2010. A study by the Indian government in 2014 found this to be an exaggerated estimate, and claims that only about 17% of Indians are insured. Private healthcare providers in India typically offer high quality care at unreasonable costs because there is no regulatory authority or a valid neutral body to check medical malpractice. In Rajasthan, 40% of practitioners have no medical degree and 20% have not completed secondary education. On May 27, 2012, popular actor Aamir Khan program, Satyamev Jayate, did the episode "Does Healthcare Need Healing?" which highlights the high costs and other malpractices adopted by clinics and private hospitals. In response, Narayana Health plans to perform cardiac surgery at a cost of $ 800 per patient.
Maps Healthcare in India
Access to health care
There are 1.4 million doctors in India. However, India has failed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals related to health. The definition of 'access' is the ability to receive services of a certain quality with special costs and convenience. The health care system in India is lacking in three factors related to access to health care: provision, utilization, and achievement. The provision, or supply of health facilities, may lead to the utilization, and ultimately, the achievement of good health. However, there is currently a large gap between these factors, leading to collapsed systems with inadequate access to health care. Distribution of different services, powers and resources has resulted in inequalities in access to health care. Access and admission to hospitals depends on gender, socioeconomic status, education, wealth, and residential location (urban versus rural). In addition, inequalities in health care financing and distance from health facilities are barriers to access. In addition, there is a lack of adequate infrastructure in areas with high concentrations of poor individuals. A large number of tribes and untouchables living in remote and scattered areas often have low professional numbers. Finally, health care may have a long waiting time or consider the disease as not serious enough to be treated. Those most in need often do not have access to health care.
The countryside
The rural areas of India have a shortage of professional medical personnel. 74% of doctors are in urban areas serving 28% of the other population. This is a major problem for rural access to health care. Lack of human resources causes residents to use fraudulent providers or do not know anything. Doctors tend not to work in rural areas because of inadequate housing, health, education for children, drinking water, electricity, roads and transportation. In addition, there is a lack of infrastructure for health services in rural areas. In fact, urban public hospitals have twice as many beds as rural hospitals, which lack supply. Studies have shown that the risk of dying before the age of five is greater for children living in certain rural areas compared with urban communities. Full immunization coverage also varies between rural and urban India, with 39% fully immunized in rural communities and 58% in urban areas across India. Inequalities in health care can be attributed to factors such as socioeconomic status and caste, with caste as a social determinant of health in India.
South Indian countryside
A 2007 study by Vilas Kovai et al., Published in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology analyzes the barriers that prevent people from seeking eye care in rural Andhra Pradesh, India. The results show that in cases where people have an awareness of vision problems over the last five years but are not seeking treatment, 52% of respondents have personal reasons (some due to their own beliefs about the minimal level of problems with their vision), 37% of economic difficulties, and 21% social factors (such as other family commitments or lack of health facilities).
Recent research studies have also tested the willingness of people in rural South India to pay for health care services, and how this affects potential access to health care. A study by K. Ramu, published in the International Journal of Health (2017) specifically compares the willingness of people to pay for various health care services in rural versus urban areas in Tamil Nadu. The findings indicate that willingness to pay for health care services of all types is greater in Tamil Nadu urban areas than in rural areas, linking these statistics with greater awareness of the importance of health services in urban areas. Moreover, as education levels increase in rural areas in Tamil Nadu, willingness to pay for health services also increases, indicating the link between education and access to health care.
The role of technology, especially mobile phones in health care has also been explored in recent research as India has the second-largest wireless communications base in the world, thus providing a potential window for mobile phones to serve in providing health care. In particular, in a study of 2014 conducted by Sherwin DeSouza et al. in rural villages near Karnataka, India, it was found that participants in community-owned phones (87%) showed high interest rates (99%) in receiving health information through this mode, with a greater preference for voice calls than SMS messages (text ) for health communication media. Some specific examples of health care information that can be provided include reminders about vaccinations and medications and general health awareness information.
Northern Indian countryside
Distribution of health care providers varies for rural versus urban areas in Northern India. A 2007 study by Ayesha De Costa and Vinod Diwan, published in the Health Policy, conducted in Madhya Pradesh, India examines the distribution of different types of health care providers in urban and rural Madhya Pradesh in terms of differences in access to health services through the number of providers present. The results show that in Madhya Pradesh countryside, there is one doctor per 7870 people, while there is one doctor per 834 people in urban areas in the region. In terms of other healthcare providers, the study found that of the qualified paramedical staff present in Madhya Pradesh, 71% performed work in rural areas of the region. In addition, 90% of traditional birth attendants and non-qualified healthcare providers in Madhya Pradesh work in rural communities.
The study has also investigated the determinants of health care search behavior (including socioeconomic status, education level, and sex), and how it contributes to overall health access. A 2016 study by Wameq Raza et al., Published in BMC Health Services Research, specifically looked at health care seeking behavior among people in rural Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. The research findings show some variation according to acute illness versus chronic disease. In general, it was found that as socioeconomic status increased, the chances of seeking health care increased. The level of education is not correlated with the probability of health care seeking behavior for acute illness, however, there is a positive correlation between education level and chronic illness. The 2016 study also considers gender social aspects as a determinant of health seeking behavior, finding that boys and men are more likely to receive treatment for acute illness than their female counterparts in rural areas Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are represented in research. Inequalities in health care based on gender access contribute to different mortality rates for boys and girls, with higher mortality rates for girls than boys, even before the age of five.
Other previous studies have also investigated the effect of gender in terms of access to health care in rural areas, finding gender inequalities in access to health care. A 2002 study conducted by Aparna Pandey et al., Published in the Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, analyzed the behavior of seeking care by families for girls versus boys, given similar sociodemographic characteristics in West Bengal, India.. In general, the outcomes show clear gender differences so boys receive treatment from health facilities when required in 33% of cases, while girls receive care in 22% of cases requiring care. Furthermore, the survey showed that the largest gender inequality in access to health care in India occurred in Haryana province, and Punjab.
Urban Areas
Health access problems not only appear in big cities but in fast-growing urban areas. Here, there are fewer options available for health care services and there are less organized government agencies. Thus, there is often a lack of accountability and cooperation in the health department in urban areas. It is difficult to determine the stance responsible for providing urban health services, rather than in rural areas where the responsibility lies with the district government. In addition, health inequality arises in urban areas due to difficulties in residence, socioeconomic status, and discrimination against unregistered slums.
To survive in these environments, urban communities use a wide range of nongovernmental and private services. However, this often lacks staff, requires three payments as a public center, and generally has poor practice methods. To address this, there is an effort to join the public and private sectors in urban areas. An example of this is the Government-Private Partnership initiative. However, studies show that in contrast to rural areas, qualified physicians tend to live in urban areas. This can be explained by both urbanization and specialization. Private doctors tend to specialize in certain areas so that they live in urban areas where there is a market and higher financial ability for the service.
Financing
Despite being one of the most populous countries, India has the most personalized healthcare in the world. Out-of-pocket personal payments make up 75% of total health care spending. Only one fifth of health care is publicly financed. This is very different from most other countries in the world. According to the World Health Organization in 2007, India ranked 184 out of 191 countries in total public spending spent on health from total GDP. In fact, public spending was stagnant from 0.9% to 1.2% of total GDP in 1990 to 2010.
Medical and non-medical personal payments out of pocket may affect access to health care. The poorer population is more affected by this than the rich. The poor pay a much higher percentage of their income against out-of-pocket expenses than the rich. National Sample Survey The round of 1955 to 1956 shows that 40% of all people sell or borrow assets to pay for hospitalization. Half of the bottom two quintiles get into debt or sell their assets, but only a third of the top quintiles. In fact, about half the households who descend to the lower classes do so because of health expenditures. These data suggest that financial capacity plays a role in determining access to health care.
In the case of non-medical costs, distance can also prevent access to health care. Transportation costs prevent people from going to a health center. According to scholars, outreach programs are needed to reach marginalized and isolated groups.
In terms of medical costs, inpatient out-of-hospital costs prevent access to health care. 40% of hospitalized people are pushed either into lifetime debt or below the poverty line. Furthermore, more than 23% of patients did not have enough money to buy treatment and 63% did not have regular access to the necessary medications. The cost of care and health care has increased 10-12% per year and with more advances in medicine, maintenance costs will continue to increase. Finally, drug prices rise because they are not controlled.
There is a big gap between reach, finance, and access in India. Without reach, the service can not spread to distant locations. Without financial ability, those who are in remote locations can not access health services. According to experts, both of these issues are tied together and are a trap of the current health care system.
Initiatives to improve access
Plan of the Twelve
The Government of India has the Twelfth Plan to expand the National Rural Health Mission throughout the country, known as the National Health Mission. Community-based health insurance can assist in providing services to areas with disadvantaged populations. In addition, it can help to emphasize the responsibility of local governments in providing resources. Furthermore, according to the Indian Journal of Community Medicine (IJOCM) the government must reform health insurance as well as its reach in India. The journal states that universal health care should be slowly but must be extended to the entire population. Health care must be required and no money should be exchanged for an appointment. Finally, the private and public sectors should be involved to ensure all marginalized areas are achieved. According to IJOCM, this will increase access for the poor.
Public-private partnerships
One government-adapted initiative from many countries in India to improve access to health care requires a combination of public and private sectors. The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Initiative was established in the hope of achieving the Millennium Development Goals of health. It consists of three separate projects with different focus: Fair Price Shops aimed at reducing drug costs and treatment options; Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana replacing those below the poverty line; and the National Rural Telemedicine Network that helps with non-medical costs. The initiative is analyzed in the states of Maharashtra and West Bengal.
Fair Price Shops aims to reduce the cost of medicines, medicines, implants, prosthetics, and orthopedic devices. Currently, there is no competition between pharmacies and medical-care stores for the sale of drugs. Thus, drug prices are not controlled. The Fair Price program creates a bidding system for cheaper drug prices between drug stores and allows stores with the biggest discounts to sell drugs. The program has a minimal cost to the government because fair price shops replace the drugstores in government hospitals, thus eliminating the need to create new infrastructure for fair price shops. Furthermore, the drugs are not branded and should be determined by its generic name. Because there is less advertising required for generic brands, fair price shops require minimal payments from the private sector. Fair Price Shops are introduced in West Bengal in 2012. By the end of the year, there are 93 stores that benefit 85 thousand people. From December 2012 to November 2014, these stores have saved 250 crore residents. When doctors prescribe 60% of generic drugs, medical expenses have been reduced by this program. This is the solution for accessible health care in West Bengal.
The largest segment of the PPP initiative is the tax-financed program, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY). This scheme is financed 75% by the central government and 25% by the state government. The program aims to reduce medical costs beyond the pockets for hospital care and visits by replacing those living below the poverty line. RSBY covers a maximum of 30,000 rupees in hospital costs, including pre-existing conditions up to five members in one family. By 2015, it reaches 37 million households consisting of 129 million people below the poverty line. However, the family must pay 30 rupees to enroll in this program. Once deemed eligible, family members receive a yellow card. However, research shows that in Maharashtra, those with low socioeconomic status tend not to use the service, even if they qualify. In the state of Uttar Pradesh, geography and councils affect participation in this program. Those on the outskirts of the village tend to use less services than those who live in the village center. In addition, research shows non-medical household expenditures increase due to this program; the probability of out-of-pocket expenditure has increased by 23%. However, RSBY has stopped many people from falling into poverty as a result of health care. In addition, it has increased the opportunity for family members to enter the workforce as they can utilize their income for other needs besides health care. RSBY has been implemented in 25 states in India.
Finally, the National Rural Telemedicine Network connects many health institutions together so doctors and doctors can provide their input into diagnosis and consultation. This reduces the cost of non-medical transport because the patient does not have to travel long distances to get the opinion of a particular doctor or specialist.
The results of PPPs in the states of Maharashtra and West Bengal indicate that these three programs are effective if used in combination. They help fill the gap between reach and affordability in India. However, even with these programs, high payments for non-medical costs still prevent people from accessing health care. Thus, experts suggest that these programs need to be expanded across India.
National Rural Health Mission
To address the lack of professional problems in rural areas, the Indian government wants to create a 'cadre' of rural doctors through government organizations. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in April 2005 by the Government of India. NRHM has an outreach strategy for disadvantaged communities in remote areas. The aim of NRHM is to provide effective health services for rural communities with a focus on 18 countries with poor public health indicators and/or weak infrastructure. NRHM has 18,000 ambulances and a workforce of 900,000 public health volunteers and 178,000 paid staff. The mission proposes creating a course for medical students centered around rural health care. Furthermore, NRHM wants to create an obligatory rural service for younger doctors in the hope that they will remain in the countryside. However, NRHM has failed. For example, even with missions, most health-related infrastructure development takes place in urban cities. Many scholars call for new approaches that are local and specific to each rural state. Other regional programs such as Rajiv Aarogyasri's Community Health Insurance Scheme in Andhra Pradesh, India have also been implemented by state governments to assist rural residents in health access, but the success of these programs (with no additional interventions at the health system level) is limited.
Urban Urban Health Mission
The National Urban Health Mission as a sub-mission of the National Health Mission was approved by the Cabinet on 1 May 2013. The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) works in 779 cities and towns with a population of 50,000 each. Because urban health professionals are often specialized, urban health care now consists of secondary and tertiary care, but not primary care. Thus, the mission focuses on primary health care to the urban poor. The initiative recognizes that urban health is lacking due to overpopulation, population exclusion, lack of information on health and economic capacity, and unregulated health services. Thus, NUHM has designated three levels that need to be improved: Community level (including outreach program), Urban Health Center level (incl. Infrastructure and upgrading of existing health systems), and Secondary/Tertiary level (Public-Private Partnerships). Furthermore, this initiative aims to have one Urban Community Health Center for each population of 50,000 and aims to improve current facilities and create new ones. He plans for a small town government to take responsibility for planning priority health facilities for the urban poor, including unregistered slums and other groups. In addition, NUHM aims to improve sanitation and drinking water, improve community outreach programs for further access, reduce expenses for medical expenses, and start monthly health and nutrition days to improve public health. Urban urban health
Urbanization and rapid disparities in urban India
The urban population of India has increased from 285 million in 2001 to 377 million (31%) in 2011. It is expected to increase to 535 million (38%) by 2026 (4). The UN estimates that 875 million people will live in Indian cities and towns by 2050. If urban India is a separate country, it will become the fourth largest country in the world after China, India and the United States. According to data from the 2011 Census, nearly 50% of urban residents in India live in cities and towns with populations less than 0.5 million. The four largest urban agglomerations of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai are home to 15% of India's urban population.
Health and child survival gap in urban India
The National Family Health Surveys Data Analysis for 2005-06 (the latest dataset available for analysis) shows that in the Indian urban population - the under-five mortality rate for the eight poorest quartiles of the eight states, the highest mortality rate among children in the poorest quartile occurs in UttarPradesh (110 per 1,000 live birth), India's most populous state, which has 44.4 million city dwellers in the 2011 census followed by Rajasthan (102), Madhya Pradesh (98), Jharkhand (90) and Bihar (85), Delhi (74) , and Maharashtra (50). The sample for West Bengal is too small for the under-five mortality analysis. In Uttar Pradesh four times the number of other urban dwellers in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, the under-five mortality rate among the poorest quartiles is more than three times that of other urban dwellers.
India's health care gap in urban India
Among the urban population of India there is a much lower proportion of mothers receiving maternity care among the poorest quartiles; only 54 percent of pregnant women had at least three prenatal care visits compared with 83 percent for the rest of the urban population. Less than a quarter of mothers in the poorest quartiles receive adequate maternity care in Bihar (12 percent), and Uttar Pradesh (20 percent), and less than half in Madhya Pradesh (38 percent), Delhi (41 percent), Rajasthan (42 percent) , and Jharkhand (48 percent). Availing three or more ante-natal checkups during pregnancy among the poorest quartiles is better in West Bengal (71 percent), Maharashtra (73 percent).
The high level of malnutrition among urban poor
For urban Indians in 2005-06, 54 percent of children had stunting, and 47 percent less weight in the poorest urban quartiles, compared with 33 percent and 26 percent, respectively, for the rest of the urban population. Stunted growth in children under five is very high among the poorest of urban populations in Uttar Pradesh (64 percent), Maharashtra (63 percent), Bihar (58 percent), Delhi (58 percent), Madhya Pradesh ( 55) percent), Rajasthan (53 percent), and slightly better in Jharkhand (49 percent). Even in better-performing countries, nearly half of the toddlers are stunted among the poorest quartiles, 48 ​​percent in West Bengal respectively.
High levels of stunted growth and weight problems among urban poor in India show recurrent infections, depleting child nutritional reserves, due to a less than optimal physical environment. It also shows high levels of food insecurity among these segments of the population. A study conducted in the slums of Delhi shows that 51% of slum families are not food safe.
Healthcare quality
Unavailability of diagnostic tools and increased reluctance of qualified and experienced healthcare professionals to practice in rural areas, lack of equipment and are financially less profitable in rural areas are a major challenge. Rural medical practitioners are highly sought after by rural residents because they are more financially and accessible geographically accessible than practitioners working in the formal public health care sector. But there was an incident in which doctors were attacked and even murdered in rural India. In 2015, the British Medical Journal published a report by Dr. Gadre, from Kolkata, revealing the extent of malpractice in the Indian health care system. He interviewed 78 doctors and found that bribes for referrals, irrational drug prescriptions and unnecessary interventions were common.
According to a study by Martin Patrick, the CPPR chief economist released in 2017 has projected that people are more dependent on the private sector for health care and the amount spent by households to use private services is almost 24 times more than spent on health services public..
South India
In many rural communities across India, healthcare is provided by what is known as an informal service provider, who may or may not have proper medical accreditation to diagnose and treat patients, generally offering consultations for common illnesses. In particular, in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, these informal health care providers generally practice in the form of home-based patient care and prescribe allopathic medication. A 2014 study by Meenakshi Gautham et al., Published in the journal Health Policy and Planning , found that in Guntur, about 71% of patients received injections from informal health care providers as part of a disease management strategy. The study also examined the educational background of informal health care providers and found that of those surveyed, 43% had completed 11 or more years of schooling, while 10% had graduated from college.
In general, perceived quality of health also has implications for patient adherence to treatment. A 2015 study conducted by Nandakumar Mekoth and Vidya Dalvi, published at Hospital Topics examines the various aspects that contribute to the patient's perception of the quality of health care in Karnataka, India, and how these factors influence adherence to treatment. The study included aspects related to the quality of health services including physician interactive quality, baseline expectations of primary health care facilities in the area, and non-medical physical facilities (including drinking water and toilet facilities). In terms of medication adherence, two sub-factors were investigated, treatment persistance and adherence supporting treatment (changes in health behaviors that complemented the overall treatment plan). Findings indicate that the different qualities of health factors surveyed all have a direct influence on the two sub-factors of treatment adherence. Furthermore, the baseline expectations component in the quality of health care perception, gave the most significant effect on overall adherence to treatment, with an interactive quality of physicians who had the least influence on medication adherence, of the three aspects studied in this study.
Northern India
In certain areas of Uttarakhand, India known as Tehri, the educational background of informal health care providers shows that 94% have completed 11 or more years of school, while 43% have graduated from college. In terms of how the treatment is delivered, 99% of the health services provided in Tehri are through the clinic, while in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 25% of health care services are delivered through the clinic, while 40% of the care provided is mobile (meaning healthcare provider moving from one location to another to see patients), and 35% is a combination of clinical and cellular services.
Generally throughout India, the private health care sector lacks the standard of care that is present in all facilities, which leads to much variation in the quality of care provided. In particular, a 2011 study by Padma Bhate-Deosthali et al., Published in Reproductive Health Issues, examines the quality of health care particularly in the area of ​​maternal care through various regions of Maharashtra, India. The findings indicate that of the 146 maternity hospitals surveyed, 137 of them do not have a qualified midwife, which is essential for maternity homes because proper care can not be provided without a midwife in some cases. In addition, a 2007 study by Ayesha De Costa and Vinod Diwan analyzed the distribution of health care providers and systems in Madhya Pradesh, India. The results show that among the solo practitioners in the private sector for the region, 62% practiced allopathic medicine (West), while 38% applied Indian medicine systems and traditional systems (including, but not limited to ayurveda, sidhi, unani, and homeopathy.).
In certain areas, there is also a gap in the knowledge of health care providers about certain diseases that further contribute to the quality of health care provided when treatment is not fully supported by a thorough knowledge of the disease. A 2015 study by Manoj Mohanan et al., Published in JAMA Pediatrics, investigated the knowledge base of the practitioner's sample (80% without a formal medical degree) in Bihar, India, particularly in the context of childhood diarrheal treatment and pneumonia. The findings show that in general, a large number of practitioners yearn for asking key diagnostic questions about symptoms associated with diarrhea and pneumonia, leading to misjudgment and lack of complete information when prescribing treatments. Among the sample practitioners studied in rural Bihar, 4% provided appropriate treatment for cases of hypothetical diarrhea in the study, and 9% provided a correct care plan for the case of hypothetical pneumonia presented. Recent studies have examined the role of education or training programs for healthcare providers in rural North India as a method of promoting higher quality health care, even though conclusive results have not been achieved.
See also
- Health in India
- Schedule of health care in India
- List of government schemes in India
- Medical tourism in India
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
- Women's health in India
- Health insurance in India
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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